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1、状语从句,一状语,基本介绍 什么是状语？ 英文中状语的功能是说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、 程度、方式和伴随状况等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当 1.Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . (副词) 2. We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介词状短语做时间状语
2、) 3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式做目的状语) 4. Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词做方式状语) 5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因状语从句）,二. 状语从句,1.什么是状语从句？,状语从句 状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。,2.
3、分类 一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。,一.时间状语从句,时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的连词有：when, as, while, until, notuntil, before, after, since, the minute, the moment, each( every, next, the first) time等。时间状语从句中一 般用一般现在时或一般过去时。时间谓语动词一般用“一 般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来 完成时”。,I will call you as soon as I arrive in Be
4、ijing. 我到北京就将给你打电话。（这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时，表示一般将来时，绝不可用will arrive）,As soon as I have finished this work, I will have gone home. 我一完成此工作，就回家。（从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished，表示将来完成时,绝不可用will have finished）,If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了，请通知我。（从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时
5、，绝不可用will come back）,When , while, as都可解释为“当的时候”但侧重点有所不同,注意点：,1.when 从句的主语与主句主语相同，谓语动词是be 动词时，从句主语和be可以省略。,Eg: When (she was) walking along the street, she met her class teacher.,2.当when引导的时间状语从句为系表结构，而且其主语和主句主语一致，其表语又是一个名词时，就可以用由as 引导的省略句代替when从句,When 既可引导持续性动作，也可引导短暂性动作；可用于主句动作和从句动作同时发生，也用于从句动作先于主
6、句动作发生。,When I arrived home , I had a little rest. =When the film ended, we went back.,When he was a young man (= as a young man), he was fond of hunting.,As As 可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行 或同时完成，意为表示为“一面一面”，as 表达的事件，往往只是主句动作发生的背景 或条件时，as 只是一个次要的时间说明， 不像while 从句有强调 while 动作本身的意 思。因此，as 常常翻译成“随着”之意“ He sang as h
7、e danced.(一面一面),You will grow wiser as you grow older.(随着),少数情况下，如果强调动作正在发生，as 从句也可以用正在进行时。这只能算是特例了。 The sad mother sat on the roadside, shouting as she was crying. 伤心的妈妈坐在路边，边哭边叫喊。,2. As we were going out, it began to snow. 正当我们出门时，雪开始下起来。 3. He came in as I was going to bed. 我正要上床睡觉，他进来了。,While表示“
8、当的时候”强调主句的动作和从句的动作同时发 生，且侧重主语动作与从句动作相对比。从句一般用进行时， 从句动词必须是延续性动词。while 表示的是一段时间，是一个 过程。这是while 的侧重点。因此，如果含有“一段时间”的含义 的时候,用while.,While we were working, they were having a rest. 注意 : while 从句的主语与主句主语相同，谓语动词是be 动词时，从句主语和be可以省略。 While (they were) having a discussion, they got very confused.,4) 如果从句动作和主句动
9、作同时发生，并且从句动作为延续 性动词时，when，while，as 可以互换使用。 1. When /While /As we were dancing, a stranger came in. 当我们跳舞时，一位陌生人走了进来。 dance 为延续性动词 2. When /While /As she was making a phone call, I was writing a letter.,练习；,1._I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of the store.,2._ Jonn arriv
10、ed, I was cooking lunch. 3. You can swimming _ I was cooking dinner.,答案：1.While /As/ When 2.When 3. while/when,till, until, notuntil表示“直到才” 1)肯定句:主句常用延续性动词,主句、从句都 为肯定式，意为“某动作一直持续到某时间点 才停止”。 I waited until/ till midnight. You can stay here till / until the rain stops.,I did not leave until midnight.
11、He did not go to bed until 11 oclock.,2)否定句:主句必须是短暂性动词，从句为肯定式，意为 “某动作直到某时间才开始”。,注意点： 1）not until在句首，主句用倒装 eg: Not until you had explained how did I manage to do it. 2) It is not untilthat引导的强调句 It was not until it was dark that he came back. 3)till不可用于句首，until 可以。 5) 用“一般过去时”代替过去将来时” He told me that
12、 he wouldnt go back until his mother promised.,练习：句型转换,Students did not leave until their teacher came back. _ _ their teacher came back _ _ leave.,_ _ not until their teacher came back _ students _.,答案：Not until, did I ; It was ,that left.,3. the minute, the moment, each time，immediately, directly,
13、 instantly都可表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作 随即发生，译为“一就”。从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。,The worker recognized the type of the machine the moment he saw it.,The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.,注意点：the minute, the moment, each ( every, next, the first) time作连词不和when 连用,4.Hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthan, as so
14、on as表示为“一就” I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain. I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. It began to rain as soon as I had got home. 注意点：1) Hardly/scarcely 与no sooner引导的句 子的谓语动词用过去完成时（had down），而 when与than引导的句子的谓语动词用一般过去时。,He had no sooner finished his speech than the stude
15、nts stared cheering.,Hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthan位于句首，主句用倒装 Had I hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain.,No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.,练习：填空,1).I had hardly got to the office _ my wife phoned me to go back home at once.,2)._ _ had we arrived at the station than the t
16、rain left.,答案：1.when 2.No sooner,4.before,“还未就；不到就.；还未来得及就 .”。,Before I could get a word, he had measured me.,2).It will be +一段时间+before 表示“还要多久才.”。,It will be two hours before he comes back.,3).Before 从句中谓语不用否定式,Before I reached the airport, the plane had left.,5. since,since从句中的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词，主句的谓语 动词是延续性或是反复发生过的动作。since从句的时态若 是一般过去时，主句中的时态是现在完成时或现在完成进行 时。,I have written home four times
