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1、英汉互译,English-Chinese Translation,句子转换,任何交际活动都是以句子为基本语言单位展开的。 Sentence is a basic unit in understanding and communication.,the source language,英语则以“主谓”的主干结构为中心来统领各语言成分 句界分明， 外形严谨。,the receptor language 句的翻译汉语造句,词组、散句和分句为手段， 善于按时间、逻辑顺序进行横排式叙述。 断句不严，外形松散 被称为时间型的动态结构，主要体现为形式自由、富于弹性,理解-表达：主谓,进行相应的时态变化、语态
2、变化、语气变化、句式转换（肯定式、否定式、疑问式，强调句式，倒装句式等）、增加定语、状语修饰成分、插入语等。,英语的5种主要的句式,主语+谓语+宾语S-V-O 主语+系语+表语S-V-P 主语+谓语+双宾语S-V-oO（直接宾语加间接宾语） 主语+谓语+复合宾语S-V-OC（宾语加宾语补足语） 主语+谓语SV,example,Nothing has happened since we parted. 自从我们分手之后，啥事也没发生。,example倒装句：主谓,Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in realit
3、y. 当时我确实不太懂得战争的意义和战争实际上是怎么回事。,英语句子按其结构可分为 简单句 复杂句,example,I bought the car. 我买了这部车。（转换成汉语简单句）,example,His idea is that we clean the floor first. 他的意见是我们先清扫地板,example,Differences between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their aproachment and co-operation. 各国社会制度不同，但不应妨碍彼此接近与相互
4、合作。（转换成汉语偏正复句的转折句）,example,This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair. 这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。（转换成两个汉语句子）,句子成分转换： 语序调整,句子成分转换是指英语中的某一句子成分译成汉语时转换成另一种句子成分。句子成分转换在主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语之间展开。,example,You can always tell the som
5、ebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late. 在鸡尾酒会上人们常常可以看出大人物和无名小卒来。那些迟到的就是大人物。（主语转换为表语；谓语转换为主语）,example,Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable. 他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。（状语转换为谓语）,example,Her presence o
6、f mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak. 她还没有完全失去镇静，一时却又找不出话可说。（主语转换为宾语，宾语转换为主语）,复杂句,复合句:有从句的 注意和并列句的区分,分句转换,是指一种英语分句翻译成汉语时转换成另一种分句。从理解上重新调整逻辑关系。,定语从句的转换,定语分句汉译应多注意其位置；状语化的定语分句汉译时则应注意其意义的传达：,example,John liked my sister, who was warm and pleasant. 他喜欢我
7、那热情欢快的妹妹。（定语分句-前置定语）,example,There are many people who want to see the film. 许多人要看这部电影。(定语分句-独立句子),定语从句的转换,1.转换成原因状语,example,Their basic fear is of the slack up of protectionism , and above all, American capital outflow which to them means job outflows.,example,令他们最为恐慌的是放松贸易保护主义的做法， 尤其害怕美国资本外流，因为对他们
8、来说， 资本外流就等于工作机会外流。（定语从句条件原因从句）,example,We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. 我们知道，由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚。（定语分句-原因）,定语从句的转换,2.转换成条件状语,example,They felt that it was much easier and safer to rob their own people, for
9、 they knew that white policemen never really searched diligently for Negroes who committed crimes against other Negroes.,觉得抢劫他们的同种人要安全得多, 如果黑人侵犯的是黑, 因为他们知道, 白人警察便从来不认真搜捕. 定语从句- 条件状语从句,定语从句的转换,3.转换成目的状语,example,Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries , who will negotiate trade a
10、greements with the respective governments.,example,中国派出一些贸易代表团出访非洲各国，以便同有关政府洽谈贸易协议。 定语从句目的状语）,定语从句的转换,4.转换成结果状语,example,There was something original ,independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 这个方案有创见，有特色，而且有魄力，因而博得了他们所有人的欢心。（ 定语从句结果状语从句）,定语从句的转换,5.转换成让步状语,example,Her great gri
11、ef in this relation was that her only child, on whose education no expense had been and would be spared, was now old enough to perceive these deficiencies in his mother.,example,这一方面给她造成了极大的苦闷，也就是有关她的独生子的问题。虽然过去和今后在儿子的教育费用上既不曾也不会省掉什么钱，然而如今他的年纪已经不小，能注意他母亲的这些缺点了。（定语从句让步状语从句）,定语从句的转换,6.转换成并列句,example,I
12、t seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. 我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有明显的深浅之分。（定语分句-并列分句）,example,All the while, George Bush , who was ultimately to benefit from the try that failed, sat silently by, a nearly forgotten spectator. 在此期间，乔治。布什坐在一旁，一言不发，几乎成了一个被人遗忘的旁观者，他却最
13、终从这场失败的试探中获得了好处。（ 定语从句并列句）,状语从句的转换,1.时间状语从句的转换 When ,before, after, as soon as ,example,When a representative exceeds his allotted time, the President shall call him to order without delay. 如果哪位代表发言超过了规定时间，主席应立即敦促他遵守规定。（时间状语从句-条件句）,example,He will starve before he will steal. 他宁可饿死也决不偷东西。,example,Mo
14、st forecasters believe that unemployment will rise to about 9 percent before it eases next year. 大多数观察家认为，失业率将上升到大约9%，到明年才会有所缓和。,状语从句的转换,英语中含有状语从句的复合句，译成汉语时，有些成了偏正复句，有些成了联合复句，还有一些成了单句。此外，有些句序调整是强制性的（required），有些是选择性的（selective / optional），翻译时必须加以注意。,状语从句的转换,条件状语从句的转换,example,If he actually did commi
15、t the crime, he wouldnt be punished. 他即便真的犯了罪，也不会受到惩罚。 （条件状语从句-让步状语）,比较句的转译,既B又A,German production lines turned out 60 percent of the 160 million cars now zooming along the highways of Europe. That has long been a source of pride as well as income in Germany. 欧洲高速公路上行驶着1.6亿辆轿车，其中60%由德国汽车制造厂生产。这一直是德国
16、收入的来源，也一直让德国人引以为豪。,是A也是B,Lifes transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life. 生命由海洋转移到陆地，这和生命的产生一样，是进化史上的巨大突破。,是A不是B,A rather than B During its history, American society has usually given priority to an individuals ability and hard work rather than to class background or family connections. 在社会发展进程中，美国人首先看重的是个人才能和勤奋肯干，阶级背景和家庭关系倒在其次。,是A不是B,more A than B Charles is more cautious than
