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1、Genes VIII 基因八 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS First published 2000,朱玉贤 现代分子生物学，高等教育出版社 孙乃恩 分子遗传学，南京大学出版社。 阎隆飞 分子生物学，中国农业大学出版社， 李振刚 分子遗传学，科学出版社 沈羽非 真核基因表达调控，北京高等教育出版社 Lewin,B, Genes VII , Oxford University Press Turner P.C. et al. Molecular Biology. 科学出版社 Weaver R. Molecular Biology. 科学出版社,参 考 书 目,2005年2月出版
2、 ,198,2004年2月出版 ,260,Outline : Part I 基因 genes Part II 蛋白质 Protein Part III 基因表达 mRNA Part IV DNA Part V 细胞核 nucleus Part VI 细胞 Cells,Chapter 1 Genes are DNA,基因是特殊因子 Genes are particulate factors 1971 核酸的发现 Discovry of nucleic acid 染色体是遗传单位 Chromosomes are hereditary units 基因位于染色体上 Genes lie on chro
3、mosomes 染色体是基因的线性排列 Chromosomes contain linear arrays of genes 突变是基因的物理改变 Mutations are physical changes in genes,1.1 Key events a brief history of genetics,1931 重组通过交换而发生 Recombination is caused by crossing over 1944 DNA是遗传物质 DNA is genetic material 1945 基因编码蛋白质 A gene codes for a protein 1953 DNA是
4、双螺旋 DNA is a double helix 1958 DNA是半保留复制 DNA replicates semiconservatively 1961 遗传密码子是三联体 Genetic code is triplet 1977 真核生物基因是断裂的 DNA can be sequenced 1977 DNA可以测序 Genomes can be sequenced 测序细菌基因组 Bacterial genenome sequenced 2001 测序人类基因组 Hunman genenome sequenced,(1) The Early Years of Genetics,A.
5、1859, Charles Darwin and evolutionary theory,1809 -1882 Father of evolutionary theory Published Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life in 1859,Question How the Woodpecker Avoids a Headache?,Survival of the Fittest.,Animation,B.
6、1865, Gregor Mendel and genetics,1822 -1884 Father of genetics Laws of inheritance,What Did Mendel Find?,He discovered different laws and rules that explain factors affecting heredity., Rule of Unit Factors,Each organism has two alleles for each trait Alleles Genes,Law of Independent Assortment 基因的自
7、由组合定律 当具有两对（或更多对）相对性状的亲本进行杂交，在子一代产生配子时，在等位基因分离的同时，非同源染色体上的基因表现为自由组合。,Law of Segregation 基因的分离定律 基因的分离定律的实质是，在减数分裂形成配子时，等位基因随同源染色体的分开而分离，分别进入两个配子中独立地传给后代。,1869, Johann Friedrich Miescher discovered “nuclein核素“.,C.,1889, Richard Altmann named it “nucleic acid“. This substance was found to exist only i
8、n the chromosomes.,1909, “gene“ , genotype, phenotype,D.,E.,Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) Chromosome likage 1933, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1910s, Golden Age of Genetics, Sex determination, genes and their traits are linked to specific loci on chromosomes Mapping - Crossing over will al
9、low us to map position of genes,1943, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty report evidence that, at least in bacteria, the molecule that carries genetic information is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).,Avery,MacLeod,McCarty,G.,F.,1941, One gene, one enzyme 1908年，英国医学生化学家伽罗德-尿黑酸-缺乏尿黑酸氧化酶-尿液发黑。
10、比德尔 -辐射（如X射线或紫外线）-红色面包霉孢子-突变体 -突变体,H. 1952, DNA - Inherited substance Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey demonstrated that DNA is the inherited substance. Hershey shares the 1969 Nobel Prize (not with Martha Chase but with Max Delbruck and Salvador Luria).,I,II,III,Animation,Crick,Watson,Wilkins,James
11、Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins jointly received the 1962 Nobel Prize for their determination of the structure of DNA.,I. 1953, Unraveling the DNA double helix,Rosalind Franklin and her “Exposure 51”,J. 1967, Cracking the genetic code Har Khorana, Robert Holley, and Marshall Nirenberg shar
12、e the 1968 Nobel Prize.,(2) The Birth of Biotechnology,A. 1968, Plasmid Stanley Cohen,B. 1970, Restriction enzymes Herb Boyer,C. 1972, Recombinant DNA Paul Berg splices together two blunt-ended fragments of DNA from the SV40 virus and E. coli, creating recombinant DNA.,Berg, Gilbert and Sanger share
13、d the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.,D. 1975, DNA sequencing Walter Gilbert, Allan Maxam and Fred Sanger come up with two techniques for determining the gene sequence simultaneously.,E. 1975, Monoclonal antibody technology Cesar Milstein, Georges Kohler and Niels Jeme develop monoclonal antibody tec
14、hnology and won the 1984 Nobel Prize in Medicine.,F. 1978, Human insulin cloned,Cesar Milstein Georges Kohler Niels Jeme,(3) The Revolution of the Biotechnology,A. 1986, PCR Kary Mullis was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in chemistry.,B. 1989, HGP begins,C. 1990, First use of gene therapy to human,D.
15、1994, Brave new foods The first transgenic food went to the supermarket.,Dolly,Dolly and Bonnie,E. 1996, First mammal cloned from adult cells,F. 1996, Development of the GeneChip,G. 1997, Three Cloned Mice,H. 1997, First Human Artificial Chromosome,(4) Welcome to the Genomics Era,A. 1998, Race for t
16、he Genome,B. 1998, Breakthrough of Stem Cell,James Thomson and John Gearhart,C. 1999, Shotgun sequencing鸟枪法,D. 2001, Draft of Human Genome,E. 2001, Cloning,F. 2001-2003, Some cloned animals,G. 2006, Nobel Prize for the Discovery of RNAi Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in C. elegans, whi
