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1、2018/10/22,2018/10/22,Terminology,2,2018/10/22,Terminology,3,2018/10/22,Terminology,4,01 Brief Introduction 02 Classification 03 The major factors 04 Pathogenesis 05 Clinical Manifestations 06 Complications 07 Diagnosis 08 Antidiastole 09 Therapy,contents,Figure1：Main symptom of diabetes,6,Diabetes
2、mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. This high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms of polyuria (freq
3、uent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).,01 Brief Introduction,02 Classification,2.3 Other type of diabetes gestational diabetes,occurs when pregnant women without a previous diagnosis of diabetes develop a high blood glucose level. It may precede developmen
4、t of type 2 DM. Other forms of diabetes mellitus include congenital diabetes, which is due to genetic defects of insulin secretion, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, steroid diabetes induced by high doses of glucocorticoids, and several forms of monogenic diabetes.,2018/10/22,meta-变化的 metabolism n.新
5、陈代谢 metabolite n.代谢物 metabolize v.使新陈代谢 metabolic adj.变化的，新陈代谢的 poly- 多的，多个的，聚合的 polydipsia 多饮 polyuria 多尿 polyphagia 多食,Word Analysis,2018/10/22,uri- 尿的，与尿有关的 urine n.尿 polyuria 多尿 uric adj. 尿的 urinal n.尿壶 urinate v.小便 urination n.排尿 glucosuria 糖尿,Word Analysis,2018/10/22,Birth weight: Fat Irregula
6、r menses (menstruation) Inflammation Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle Smoking Metabolic syndrome,03 The major factors,03 The major factors,3.1 Birth weightThere is a relationship between birth weight and developing diabetes.The higher the birth weight the higher the risk of type 2 diabetes. At the
7、other end of the spectrum , a very high birth weight (over 8.8 pounds or 4 kg) also is associated with an increased risk. Additionally, mothers of infants who had a higher birth weight (over 9 pounds) are at increased risk for developing diabetes.,03 The major factors,3.2 FatThe distribution of fat
8、is important. The classic “pear“ shape person (smaller waist than hips) has a lower risk of developing diabetes than the “apple“ shape person (larger around the waist). The exact reason for this difference is unknown, but it is thought to have something to do with the metabolic activity of the fat t
9、issue in different areas of the body.,03 The major factors,3.3 Irregular menses (menstruation) There is an association between the lengthening of the menstrual cycle and the risk for developing diabetes, particularly in obese women.those who had a cycle length of greater than 40 days were twice as l
10、ikely to develop diabetes than those who cycled every 26 to 31 days. The association is thought to be linked with polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS) which is also known to be associated with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance may be a precursor for type 2 diabetes.,03 The major factors,3.4 inflam
11、mation In recent years we have begun to understand the importance of inflammation and heart disease. We now know that inflammation may play an important role in the development of diabetes as well. An inflammation marker known as C-reactive protein has been shown to be increased in women at risk for
12、 developing the metabolic syndrome, and in both men and women at risk for developing type 2 diabetes.,03 The major factors,3.5 Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are the biggest risk factors that are controllable.This is in part due to the fact that obesity increases
13、 the bodys resistance to insulin. Studies have shown that reversal of obesity through weight reduction improves insulin sensitivity and regulation of blood sugar.,03 The major factors,3.6 smoking Smoking is harmful in many ways including increasing the risk of cancer and heart disease. It also incre
14、ases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.,2018/10/22,men/o 与月经有关的 menstruation n. 月经 menstrual adj.月经的 dysmenorrhea n. menstrual pain amenorrhea/Menopause n. no menstruation metr/o 子宫 metrorrhagia n.uterine bleeding metrostaxis n.Small uterine bleeding,Word Analysis,2018/10/22,metabolic 代谢的 metab
15、olic syndrome 代谢综合征 lipid metabolism 脂代谢 glucose metabolism 糖代谢 metabolic acidosis 代谢性酸中毒 basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率 precursor: prodromal symptoms of disease C-reactive protein：It is a sharply rised protein，when tissues injury and infect.,Word Analysis,04 Pathogenesis,4.1 The Pathogenesis of Type 1
16、Is related to genetic factors, environmental factors and autoimmunity1）genetic predisposition2）start autoimmune response3）immumological abnormalities4）progressive loss of islet B cell function5) clinical diabetes6）islet B cells destroyed,diabetes clinical manifestations,04 Pathogenesis,4.2 The Pathogenesis of Type 2 Its occurrence and development can be divided into four stages 1 ）Genetic susceptibility 2） Hyperinsulinism, and/or insulin resistance 3 ）Glucotoxicity(糖尿病毒性),lipotoxicity(脂毒性) 4 ）Clinical diabetes,
