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1、欢迎大家进入物理世界,绪论 Introduction,一、为什么要学习物理学？ 1.Physics：研究物质的基本结构、相互作用和物质最基本、最普遍的运动形式及其相互转化规律的学科。 是自然科学的许多领域和工程技术的基础。 In short：探讨物质基本结构和运动最基本规律 Come from a Greek term physis meaning nature 内容：力学、热学、声学、电磁学、光学、相对论、量子力学、核物理与粒子物理、天体物理等(按研究领域分类),空间尺寸：从亚核粒子到浩瀚的宇宙（微观、宏观、宇观）,时间尺度：从微观粒子的寿命到宇宙的年龄。,速率范围：,0(静止) - 310
2、8 m/s(光速),物理学的研究对象宇宙(一),勇气号于2003年六月升空,“勇气”号和“机遇”号分别于2004年1月3日和1月24日在火星不同区域着陆机遇号传回照片,火星人类的第二家园？,勇气号找到水存在的证据,机遇号证实远古海洋,“卡西尼”号土星探测器进入土星轨道效果图(NASA图片),美航空航天局(NASA)和欧空局(ESA)合作研究的“卡西尼惠更斯”土星探测器经过6年半35.2亿公里的飞行，2004年7月1日成功进入了土星轨道。并且向地球传回了几组照片。,美丽的土星及土星环,X光照片,距土星150多万公里以外使用滤镜拍摄,Titan土星的月亮(卫6）,理想与现实,让科学家兴奋的土星环照
3、片,真实的Titan,中国人的光荣与梦想,神舟系列飞船,探索宇宙的代价,2003年2月1号，哥伦比亚号返航时坠毁,A,B,Which is a picture of the Milky Way?,A is what we see from Earth inside the Milky Way while B is what the Milky Way “might” look like if we were far away looking back at our own galaxy from some other galaxy.,What is a Galaxy?,Galaxy ：a ma
4、ssive collection of stars, gas, and dust kept together by gravity,Suns Stellar Region,太阳系在银河系中不过是沧海一栗，银河系在宇宙中仅为天地之一落叶,What is a Galaxy?,If our solar system was only the size of a cell in the human body, our galaxy would still measure over one mile across.,宇宙从哪里来?又向何处去?,上帝创世说与盘古开天地 老子:天下万物生于有,有生于无 道生
5、一,一生二,二生三,三生万物 霍金:宇宙存在起始点,而且有生于无,Edwin Hubble at Mt. Wilson,Hubble guiding the Hooker 100 inch telescope in 1923.,The Hooker 100 inch telescope atop Mt. Wilson near Pasadena, CA. It was the largest telescope in the world from 1917-1947.,Hubbles observations at the 100 inch during the 1920s led him t
6、o the conclusion that the universe is expanding, and that an objects recession velocity is proportional to its distance from the observer.,大爆炸宇宙学,1940s Gamov和Alpher首先提出宇宙起源于约150亿年前一次猛烈的巨大爆炸。 宇宙的爆炸是空间的膨胀，物质则随着空间膨胀（宇宙是无中心的）。 随着宇宙膨胀和温度降低，构成物质的原初元素相继形成 。,George Gamov,Possible Fates of the Universe,物理学的研
7、究对象物质(二),物质是无限可分的吗?什么是场物质?微电子学光电子学介观物理与纳电子学,J.J. Thomsons Plum Pudding Model of the Atom (1897),He proposed that the electrons are embedded in a positively charged pudding,The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906,Alpha Scattering,Rutherfords Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus (1911),He found that, once in a whi
8、le, the a-particles were scattered backwards by the target,Solar System Model of the Atom,The atom consists of electrons orbiting around small but dense central nucleus,Lord Ernest Rutherford,1908诺贝尔化学奖,Bohrs Model of the Hydrogen Atom (1913),He proposed that only certain orbits for the electron are
9、 allowed,Bohrs Empirical Explanation,Electrons can only take discrete energies (energy is related to radius of the orbit) Electrons can jump between different orbits due to the absorption or emission of photons Dark lines in the absorption spectra are due to photons being absorbed Bright lines in th
10、e emission spectra aredue to photons being emitted,The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922,The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935,“for the discovery of the neutron“,The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990,“for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons,
11、which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics“,物质是无限可分的吗-“毛子”,我们为什么要研究基本粒子?,介观物理学与单原子操做,iron atoms on a copper surface,The Scanning Tunneling Microscope,The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 “for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope“,38,经典量
12、子,39,表面电流 表面结构,狮子的能量必须满足,才能越过高墙,按经典的观点：,量子： 同样用势能表示,狮子可能穿过 势垒到左方,实际：,40,中国科学院化学研究所研制的CSTM-9000型扫描隧道显微镜“原子和分子的观察与操纵” - 白春礼 插页彩图1,41,硅表面77重构图象“原子和分子的观察与操纵” - 白春礼 插页彩图2,解决许多理论和实验上的疑难问题,42,用AFM得到的癌细胞的表面图象 “原子和分子的观察与操纵” - 白春礼 P.98 图 4-8,基于STM工作原理或扫描成像方法的派生显微镜系列 原子力(AFM) 磁力 分子力显微镜 等等,43,1994年中国科学院科学家“写”出的
13、平均每个字的面积仅百万分之一平方厘米 “原子和分子的观察与操纵” - 白春礼 插页彩图13,操纵原子不是梦“原子书法”,44,一氧化碳“分子人” “原子和分子的观察与操纵” - 白春礼 P.151 图7-8,“扫描隧道绘画”,45,移动铁原子,什么是场物质,The most famous photograph,This is one of the most famous images in photographic history and propelled him within two more weeks into an international celebrity. The medic
14、al implications were immediately realised and the first images of fractured bones were being made by January 1896 even though none yet knew what the mystery rays were.,The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901,磁场的应用（MRI）,The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003,物理学的研究对象运动(三),运动的四种形式:物理(化学)运动生物运动思维运动社会运动 物理运动的分类:(低高速)机
15、械运动; 分子热运动; 电磁运动;原子及原子核内部运动,机械运动,分子热运动,Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001,电磁运动（Maxwell方程组）,原子及原子核内部运动,Fusion Powers the Sun and Other Stars,伦琴与X射线,谁真的理解运动?？,绝对时空观与相对时空观,时间是绝对的均匀的吗?空间是弯曲的吗?质量与运动无关吗?,How did Einstein arrive at the special theory of relativity?,过去与未来,弯曲时空与黑洞,
16、Classical Physics Timeline,Modern Physics Timeline,物理学本质上是实验科学,永远没有实验支持的 物理理论是无意义的,理论的指导作用对物理学发展的影响,理论家与实验家,物理规律的相对性与绝对性,相对性的存在-例一,未来的证明-例二,继承与创新,Tycho Brahe, 1546-1601,Sir Isaac Newton, 1643-1727,Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473-1543,Claudius Ptolemy, 85-165,Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630,Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642,Newton said he stood on the shoulders of these giants; the last one is Galileo.,Egypt,Maxwell 的继承,创新是科学研究的灵魂 想象力比知识更重要,
