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1、Grammar,说明,本章内容可用两种学习方法。 1.学习时鼠标点击空白处学习。 2.可用点击图标学习，例如，可点击 来进行学习。,Attributive clause (限制性定语从句),先行词和关系词,定语从句,关系代词如何引导定语从句,关系代词的使用方法,定语从句中需注意事项,附加部分,习题,定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等来担任，修饰名词。(以分词、介词短语为例） 例： The girl behind the tree is Kate. The man driving too fast was a drunk.,定语从句 在英语中，修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语
2、从句。 例： The girl who is behind the tree is Kate. The man who was driving too fast was a drunk.,先行词和关系词 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 先行词、关系词/引导词,对等 ,代替 That is the bike which my father bought for me. 先行词关系词 bike,关系词的作用：既引导定语从句，又在定 语从句中充当某种成分。,关系代词如何引导定语从句 普通代词与关系代词的区别 I have a sister.She works
3、 in Shanghai. 代替 sister I have a sister who/that works in Shanghai. 普通代词：只起代替的作用（如上例she) 关系代词： （如上例who/which）,1. 除了代替先行词外， 2.它还在定语从句中担任一定的成分， 3. 同时连接先行词与它引导的定语从句。 （把主句和从句连起来）,说明如下 The building is our school.+The building stands by the river.= The building which/that stands by the river is our school
4、. 先行词 关系词 从句 which、that 是关系代词，它在从句中代替先行词the building, 同时担任从句中的主语，也起连词的作用，把两个简单句连接 起来。,关系代词的使用取决于先行词，它们的关系非常密切，因为关系代词在定语从句中代替主句中的先行词，所以它在一般情况下都跟在先行词之后，而且它的 人称、数必须和先行词一致。,The woman that/who is speaking at the meeting is my mother. (主句) The woman is my mother (从句) The woman is speaking at the meeting.,
5、主语是单数,The women that/who are speaking at the meeting are famous scientists. (主句)The women are famous scientists. (从句)The women are speaking at the meeting.,主语是复数,关系词判 断 步 骤 : 首先，要辨别出先行词。 如果先行词是指人,关系词可能就用 who,that,whom,whose。如果先行词指物,关系词可能用which或that,然后，要确定关系词在从句中的成分。请看下表,最后，要确定关系代词的人称和数(请看以上例句),注意,定语
6、从句的时态不受主句的限制。 . The woman who/that spoke at the meeting yesterday is my mother. (主句)The woman is my mother.(叙述客观事实用一般现在时) (从句)The woman(who/that) spoke at the meeting yesterday. (句中yesterday表示过去时间),定语从句的辨认（思考步骤） 找出先行词 a.确定在从句中关系代词的人称、数和性。 b.确定定语从句的位置 确定关系代词在从句中的成分以确定关系代词的格 确定从句的时态 （定语从句的时态都不受主句的限制）,
7、关系代词的使用方法,定语从句常用的关系代词有：that 、who(m)、whose、which等。,that多指物，在从句中作主语或作动词的宾语。（that/which作宾语时可省.） 1) A plane is a machine that can fly. A plane is a machine which can fly. 2) Who was hurt in the accident that happened yesterday? Who was hurt in the accident which happened yesterday? 3)Have you found the
8、bike that you lost? Have you found the bike which you lost? Have you found the bike 省略 you lost?,2. which 指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语不可省略;作宾语可以省略。 ( which 与that 指物时可以互相代替，that 更常见。） 1) His father works in a factory that /which makes TV sets. 2)The film that/ which we saw last night was very wonderful. The fil
9、m 省略 we saw last night was very wonderful.,3. who 指人(既它的先行词必须是人),在从句中作主语或宾语。但whom 是宾格,只能作宾语。(that有时也指人.代替who,whom,可作主语或宾语),1)The girls who werent badly hurt in the accident are my classmates. The girls that werent badly hurt in the accident are my classmates.,2) He knew the teacher who we met yester
10、day. He knew the teacher whom we met yesterday. He knew the teacher (that) we met yesterday.,4.whose 是代词的所有格形式, 它既可以代人也可以代物。 I saw a woman . Her bag was stolen . I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.,Ill call a person. His father knows you. .,Please show me the book . Its cover is red.,I cant find the
11、 house .My friend lives in it.,Please show me the book whose cover is red.,Ill call a person whose father knows you,I cant find the house whose friend lives in it,1)This is the hero( whom) we are proud of. This is the hero of whom we are proud . This is the hero(that) we are proud of .,2)She is the
12、girl whom I went with there. She is the girl with whom I went there. She is the girl that I went with there. She is the girl 省略 I went with there.,注意: 固定动介词组不可分割,介词不能提前.例如:look after,look at ,关系代词与介词 介词放在关系代词的前面时,介词宾语只能用which代物, 和whom代人。(介词在末尾时,关系词可以省略),3 )The room (that) I live in is very big. The
13、room (which) I live in is very big. The room in which I live is very big. The room where I live is very big.,4).I want to find the pen (that) I wrote the letter with. I want to find the pen (which) I wrote the letter with. I want to find the pen with which I wrote the letter.,Here are the picture-bo
14、oks that the children are looking for . Here are the picture-books which the children are looking for. Here are the picture-books the children are looking for.,定语从句中需注意事项 有些情况下只用关系词that,而不宜用which 1.从句所修饰的词又被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时,只能用that引导从句. This is the most interesting story( that )I have ever heard. The f
15、irst meeting( that) we will take part in will be held in the afternoon. 2.先行词是all,something,nothing,anything不定代词时,只能用that. Here is something( that) I will tell you. Not all that glitters is gold. 3.先行词既有人也有物时,只能用that引出从句 I can remember well the persons and some pictures(that) I see.,4.先行词是one of,the
16、 one, 或用little,few, no, all,any 作修饰，用that Is it the one that you want ? We havent got much that we can offer you. 5.当主句已有疑问词 who或which时，关系词用that Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?,从例句中看出，who、that在许多情况下可以通用，但有时宜用 用who,而不用that 1.先行词是one(s),anyone,someone, those时，关系词使用who Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here. One who has nothing to fear oneself dares to tell the truth. 2.在there be 句型中，先行词指人,关系词用who There is an old man who wants to see you. There are many young men who are against him.,
