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1、Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. - Francis Bacon读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. - Steve Jobs 求知若饥，虚心若愚,限定词 Determiner,1) 限定词Determiners are those little words that precede and modify nouns: e.g. the teacher, a college, a bit of honey, that person, those people, w
2、hatever purpose, either way, your choice 限定词就是对名词、名词短语起限定作用的词，例如，特指、数量等。其中，对中国学生而言，最难的是冠词，而最易被忽视的是可数名词和不可数名词前的不确定数量限定词。,限定词的分类：见Page 39,According to their potential position, determiners fall into three sub-classes: （P.57）1) Central determiners 中位限定词2）Predeterminers 前卫限定词3）Postdeterminers （后卫限定词）,限定
3、词的位置若有两个（类）以上的限定词，我们需要按前、中、后来顺序排列。如：all the four students all these last few daysboth his two sisters其原则是： 1) 几个修饰词在名词前的排列，越是接近本质的修饰词，越靠近名词；如：a tall beautiful young Mexican girl；限定词也类似：all his lectures; some such books ,2) 一般，数量上越是具体的限定词，越靠近 被限定的名词：all my seven children；3) 冠词之所以叫“冠”词，它一般在前面，但是：当它遇到下
4、面这些限定词时，“冠军”地位就丢失了：如：all, both, such等，一般在最前面。all the kids, such a joke ,但注意：若同时有物主限定词（my, his, your）或名词属格（mothers）和定冠词或指示限定词（this, that ）时，不能直接按上述原则排列。如，不能说：the my book, or Toms this book；而应当说：the (this) book of mine (mothers)。即：冠词(限定词)中心词of名(代)词属格试译：,1）你的那个看法是片面的、因而是错误的。That opinion of yours is one
5、-sided and therefore erroneous. 2）学校当局那种强硬态度是我们不能接受的。The hard-line attitude of the school authoritys is unacceptable to us.,在两个之间：both, either, neither；而在三个以上：all, every, none, no one (其中no one只能指人)；every强调整体，each强调个体；any 可用于肯定句，但意义与every不一样， 前者指“任一”，后者指“每一”。,Lets exercise some:海峡两岸都是中国，尽管可有各自的表述。Th
6、ere is only one China across both sides of the Taiwan Strait, though each side may have itsown interpretation.,世界上有很多不同的文化，每种文化都有各自的特色。There are different cultures in the world, each having its own features / characteristics.,关于两者： 都不错。 都不行。随便哪个都行。Both are OK. （全部肯定）Neither (of them) is OK （全部否定）Eit
7、her (one) is OK. （部分肯定）关于三者及三者以上： 都不错。 都不行。随便哪个都行All are good (Every one is good) None (of them) is good. Any one is good.,关于any及其复合词在肯定陈述句中的用法：在想象的世界中，一切皆有可能。In the world of imagination, anything is possible.,比较every、any在肯定陈述句中的用法：一切人都有权追求幸福生活。一切权威都可质疑。Every individual has the right to pursue his/h
8、er own happiness.Any authority is subject to questions.,冠词,一、 冠词的种类及用法e.g. We work eight hours a day. (每天) I will never forget the day when we got married.The tea of Hangzhou is very good.,二、冠词的泛指、特指,泛指是指首次提到的，不限定的人或事物。 特指是指上文已经提到的人或事物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定的人或事物，也可以指说话双方所默认的特定的人或事物。,单数可数名词一定要用冠词,a/ an,t
9、he,泛指单一,每一,任一事物;,指类别.,特指,上文提到过的人或事物; 被限制性修饰语所限度的人 或事物; 说话双方默认的人或事物; 世上独一无二的事物.,复数可数名词和不可数名词,the特指,上文提到的人或事物;被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物; 说话双方默认的人或事物;,零冠词,泛指的人或事物;指类别;,三:不定冠词a/an的惯用法,1、当紧挨着冠词的第一个音素是辅音音素时，用a. 当紧挨着冠词的第一个音素是元音音素时，用an.,a-用于辅音(发音)之前 (“phonetic” not “letter”) an-用于元音(发音)之前 “(phonetic” not “letter”) e.
10、g. useful book one-eyed manuniversity; unitumbrella old manMP; X-ray; honest boy 800-meter race,2. 表示 the same; one; a certain或every的意思。The two boys are of an age. (the same age)I earn 10 dollars an hour . (every hour)A Mr.Smith is waiting for you. ( a certain)An owl can see in the dark (a kind),3.用
11、于某些物质名词或抽象名词前,表示 “一种、一类、一份、一场、一阵”.e.g That is a green tea.They were caught in a heavy rain.a pleasure / a success/ a failure,特别是用在某些抽象名词前使该抽象名词具体 化。 e.gHe has a knowledge of chemistry. The get-together was a great success.Her book is a collection of short stories.,4. 与不定冠词连用的习语。have a cold; have a g
12、ood time; have a word with; keep a diaryin a hurry; at a loss; do sb. a favor; at a distance; e.g This picture looks beautiful at a distance.He was at a loss when he heard this news.,四、定冠词的主要用法,1. 特指双方都明白的人或物： Take the medicine. 把药吃了。 注意： 特指：Pass me the salt. 把盐递给我。 泛指： Pass me some salt . 给我点盐。 2.
13、上文提到过的人或事： He bought a house. Ive been to the house. I find a man in the street; The man said he got a new job. 3. 表示世界上独一无二的事物。the earth; the moon; the Great Wall 4. 用在姓氏的复数前表示该夫妇俩或全家人。the Greens the Chens,5. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前面。the first the greatest man 6. 用在表单位的名词前。 I have hired a car by the hour. (按
14、小时)Eggs are sold by the dozen. (按每12个) 7. 用在江河湖海、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠等地理名词前the West Lake; the Yellow River; the Red Sea,8.用在年代，朝代和逢十的数词（表某个年代）前the Tang Dynasty; in the 1990s9. 用在形容词或过去分词前表示一类人。the poor; the rich; the young ， the oppressed10.用在表示国家和民族的形容词前表示泛指该国的人民。the Chinese; the English; the Germans,11. 西洋
15、乐器前加定冠词。the piano; the violin 12. 在句型“动词人介词the身体某一部份” the不可以用人称代词代替take sb.by the arm pat sb. on the shoulder hit sb. in / across the face13. 固定搭配。 in the distance in the end in the dark in the rain at the same time on the wholeon the other hand by the way,五、零冠词的用法,名词前不加冠词，称为零冠词。具体用法：国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England， Mary，2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词； They are teachers. 他们是教师。3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当有一个限制性定语修饰时，多加定冠词。 Failure is the mother of success. The younger generation is the hope of the nation.,
