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1、Basic Knowledge of Translation Theory,Translation Translation criteria or principle Prerequisites of a translator Translation strategies Literal translation and liberal translation Terms,The definition in the old days,“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。”贾公彦(618-907) 唐朝 “夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。音虽似别，义则大同。”法云(960-1279) 宋代 The
2、British scholar Dr. Samuel Johnson once said: “To translate is to change into another language, remaining the sense.”,The current definition(1),Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly
3、in terms of style. -Nida A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the
4、original work.-Tytler,The current definition,The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) -Prof. Huang Long Translatology,In summary,Translation is the information transferring between two languages and the cultural communication be
5、tween two language families. Translation is a rendering from one language into another. Translation is a science, an art, a bilingual art, a craft, a skill, an operation and communication. Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. T
6、ranslation is a kind of science because it was a whole set of rules governing it and certain objective laws to go by in the process of translating.,Translation Criteria or Principle,Tytlers translation criteria Yanfus translation criteria Others translation criteria,Tytlers,Essay on the Principles o
7、f Translation, 1791 A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work;The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.,Yanfus,Faithfulness, Expressiveness and E
8、legance “Faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying of the original content of thought;“Expressiveness” demands that the version should be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense;“Elegance” refers to the use of classical Chinese before the Han Dynasty.
9、,Others translation principles (1),Lu Xuns: Rather be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language) in opposition to Liang Shi-qius translation principle in 1930s. Fu Leis : TL should be similar to SL both in Form and in Spirit. Liu Chongdes : faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness. faithfulne
10、ss: to be faithful to the content of the original; expressiveness: to be as expressive and smooth as the original; closeness: to be as close to the original style as possible. Liang Shiqiu s and Zhao Jingshens : “Its better to have a smooth version than a faithful one.”,Others translation principles
11、 (2),Eugene A. Nidas : Dynamic equivalence or Functional equivalence or Equivalent-effect theory. The translator is to produce as nearly possible the same effect on his readers as was produced on the readers of the original.,Others translation principles (3),Peter Newmarks : Semantic translation and
12、 Communicative translation. Semantic translation: The translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL, to produce the precise contextual meaning of the author. Semantic translation focuses primarily upon the semantic content of the source text. Communicative transla
13、tion: The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the TL readers as was produced by the original on the SL readers. Communicative translation focuses essentially upon the comprehension and response of receptors.,Translation criteria,Faithfulness and smoothness Faithfulness refers to that c
14、ontent and style of TL should be faithful to the SL. Smoothness requires that version should be clear and distinct, flowing and easy to read without signs of the mechanical word-for-word translation, of obscure language, of grammatical mistakes, confused structure and logic.,Translation strategies:
15、foreignization and domestication,Foreignization: If the translators preference is placed on preserving the language and cultural differences of the Source Text, we call this kind of approaches or its translation foreignizing or foreignization. Domestication: the method or practice of adapting the tr
16、anslation to the norms and values of the Target Language and culture is called domesticating or domestication.,Examples (1),谋事在人，成事在天。（曹：95） Man proposes, Heaven disposes. (Yang: 90) Man proposes, God disposes. (Hawkes: 152) Unless youve an ace up your sleeve, we are dished. 除非你有锦囊妙计，否则我们是输定了。 除非你手中藏有王牌，否则我们是输定了。,Examples (2),Among Wolves one must howl. 入乡随俗 在狼群中你就得嗥 Go to law for a sheep, you lose a cow. 捡了芝麻，丢了西瓜。（归） 为一只羊打官司，却损失了一头牛。（异）,
