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1、,Thomas Malthus (1766-1834),Thomas Malthus was educated at home, until 1784 he got admission from University of Cambridge Jesus College. In 1791 he received a masters degree, and in the two years after he was elected to the Jesus academy. In 1797 he was ordained as an Anglican priest in the village.
2、 In 1805 he became the first professor of political economy at the East India Company college.,The Principle of Population,Malthuss thought was to a large extent on his father and friends ( such as Rousseau ) optimistic thought reactionary. Some of his articles is the response to Condorcet .,On “The
3、 Principle of Population ”, Malthus made a famous prophecy: population growth beyond the food supply per capita, leads to reduced food. Demographic theory is: if there is no limit, population is an exponential rate ( i.e.: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64128 ) growth, and food supply is linear rate (i.e.: 1, 2,
4、3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ) growth,Malthus has become widely known for his theories about population and its increase or decrease in response to various factors. The six editions o his An Essay on the Principle of Population, published from 1798 to 1826, observed that sooner or later population gets checked by
5、famine and disease.,Malthus regarded ideals of future improvement in the lot of humanity with skepticism, considering that throughout history a segment of every human population seemed relegated to poverty.,Malthuss basic thesis is the trend that the population growth over the food supply growth.,An
6、 Essay on the Principle of Population,Malthus argued that two types of checks hold population within resource limits:positive checks, which raise the death rate (include hunger, disease and war).preventive checks, which lower the birth rate. (abortion, birth control, prostitution, postponement of ma
7、rriage and celibacy).,“I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection.”Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. Darwin was the British naturalist who became famous for his theories of evolution and natu
8、ral selection. Darwin believed all the life on earth evolved (developed gradually) over millions of years from a few common ancestors.,Charles Darwin,Darwin set his theories forth in his book called, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. After publication of Origin of Species, Darw
9、in continued to write on botany, geology, and zoology until his death in 1882.,Darwins work had a tremendous impact on religious thought.Darwin was a reserved, through, hard working scholar who concerned himself with the feelings and emotions not only of his family, but friends and peers as well.It
10、has been supposed that Darwin renounced evolution on his deathbed.,German philosopherPoetComposerCultural criticClassical philologist1844-1868: youth & student year1869-1879: years in Basel1880-1888: years of wandering1889-1900: years of insane,Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900),Professor at Basel (186
11、9-1879),professor of classicalNo doctorate and teaching certificate,His philosophy,a rich, brilliant, ambitious personCountless people with poor emotional feeling, disabled boby, shortsightedThe conventional thought suppresses the value of lifeThe God died, we should fight against the ChristianObjec
12、t to the old thoughtThe weaker (mercy, compassion, pardon, equality),Nietzsche, Marx and Freud, the greatest impact thinker on the spiritual life of the 20th century. “Thus Spake Zarathustra“ is Nietzsches blockbuster masterpiece, but also the readers understand Nietzsche aesthetics andintroductory book of philosophy.,Nietzsche claiming that this is a book written for both the analysis and the artist who has the ability to reflect. This book is full the Transcend and art of the mystery of psychology , it is “a full courage of young people and sadnessYouth.,Thats all,thank you!,goodbye!,
