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1、ATHLETICSTrack and field Athletics is known as track and field in the United States due to the way the sport is split into two types or classes of event. Track events are mostly individual running races held over different distances around a track. Filed events are throwing competitions, such as the
2、 discus, or jumping disciplines （科目）, such as the high jump. Clothing Clothing for an athlete is relatively simple. The athlete is wearing a lightweight vest or singlet over a cotton t-shirt for extra warmth while training. She is wearing lightweight shorts and short cotton socks which absorb sweat.
3、 Other essential items include a tracksuit to keep you warm, a small towel to dry your hands and face, and a water bottle, all kept in a sports bag. Shoes Shoes for runShoes for runShoes for jump and javelinShoes for jump and javelinShoes for shot put/discus/hammer Shoes for shot put/discus/hammer F
4、ootwear varies for the different athletics events. These sprint shoes are known as spikes due to the short spikes fitted to the sole underneath the ball of the foot. These spikes help to provide grip. Shoes for the shot put, discus and hammer throwing events tend not to have spikes. Instead, they ha
5、ve smooth rubber soles, which enable the thrower to turn easily. Track events Sprint Relay running Hurdling Middle distance running Long distance running The steeplechase Marathon Stadium of track events Sprints The most common sprint races are the 100 metres, 200 meters and 400 metres. In indoor at
6、hletics, the 100 metres is usually replaced with the 60-metre sprint.Get a good start Crouch start：the first, a call of On your marks, sees the sprinter enter the starting blocks. The second call of Set sees the sprinter get into the starting position. A sprinter then needs excellent reactions and t
7、echnique to respond to the starters third signal-a pistol shot or shout of Go! as quickly as possible. False starts From Jan.1.2010 the rule of athletic stipulate :zero false start.Staggered start These 200-metre runners are on their marks. Their starting blocks are staggered so that each runner has
8、 the same distance to cover when running around the bend of the track. 200m,400m and 800m200m,400m and 800mSprint start technique A sprinters first stride in a race is the shortest and the stride length increases as the sprinter accelerates（加速） into the race. The rate at which he or she makes stride
9、s is known as cadence （节奏）and this also increases as the sprinter reaches top speed. This sprinter prepares for her race star by placing her hands a little wider than shoulder width apart. Her fingertips （指尖）press down onto the track in a bridged position just behind the start line. Her arms are str
10、aight but the elbows are not locked.Sprint technique upper body：Upper body upright or slightly forward, head and spine in a straight line , chest pointing to the front, chin tucked, eyes look ahead, neck relaxed. Arm：arms bent about 90 degree, hands relaxed or fisted, shoulder relaxed, and use it as
11、 the axis for swinging. Leg：running speed depends on the stride length and stride frequency, therefore it is important to have large stride, and to achieve it is to raise thigh.Did you known? This sprinter shows good timing to thrust his chest forwards to cross the finishing line. To finish a race,
12、the line only has to be crossed by the sprinters body, not their arms and legs.Relay running The exchange must take place within the changeover zone. This is a 20-metre-long box that is marked out on the running track. The second runner must have the baton under control when he or she leaves the zon
13、e. Failure to do so means that the team is disqualified. Changeover zone（接力区） Track and field stadium shows the four changeover zones marked out on a typical track. Before each changeover zone there is a 10- metre-long acceleration zone. The receiving runner is allowed to stand in this zone and star
14、t running before receiving the baton in the changeover zone. The changeover zone of 4*400-metre relay race A 4*400-metre race features a start similar to a regular 400 metres. The first runner completes his or her leg and hands over the baton to the second runner. The second runner must complete the
15、 first 100 metres of the leg in his or her lane and can then break and head towards the inside lane of the track. The second and third changeovers occur with the runners waiting to run lined-up along the finishing line waiting for their teammates to arrive with the baton.Changeover zone第二棒抢道标志线B8 B7
16、 B6 B5B4B3B2 B1A1A2A3A4A5A6 A7A8C1 C2C3C4C5C6C7C8D1 D2D3D4D5D6D7D8S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S8一、4*400m接力跑的起点、接力区和抢道线S1S8为第一棒起点 A1A8为第一接力区中点第一接力区20米二、4*100米接跑的起点和接力区各分道起点第一接力区 第二接力区第三接力区Upsweep and downsweep For maximum speed in the 4*100 metres, the baton is passed blind, with the receiver facing ahead. There are two methods of passing the baton
