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1、AN INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICSSep., 2011 Lecturer: Rong Leilei E-mail: Origin of language nThe Divine origin:n“In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” (Gospel, John 1:1)n“And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this t
2、hey begin to do; and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do.” (Genesis, 11:6)The “bow-wow” theorynIn primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that. nOnomatopoeic words seem to be a co
3、nvenient evidence for this theory. But they are very different in the degree of resemblance they express with the natural sounds. nThis theory lacks supportive evidence. The “ta ta” theorynIn primitive times peoples speech organs, especially the mouth imitated the movement of hands. Sounds are the b
4、yproduct of this process.The “yo-he-ho” theory nAs primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. nWe do have prosodic use of rhythms in languages, but rhythmic grunts are far different from language in its present s
5、ense. The theory is again at most a speculation.The “pooh-pooh” theorynIn the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy. As for evidence, we can only cite the universal use of sounds as interjections. nWhat makes the theory problematic is that there i
6、s only a limited number of interjections in almost all languages. nBesides, interjections such as Oh, Ah, Oops bear little relationship with the sound system of a language and therefore are not good evidence.nThe by-now fruitless search for the origin of languages reflects peoples concern with the o
7、rigin of humanity and may come up with enlightening findings in future. nOne thing we can say for certain is that language evolves within specific historical, social and cultural contexts. To get ascientificview on languageTo understand some basic theories on linguistics;To understand the applicatio
8、ns of the linguistic theories, cross-cultural communication ;To prepare for the future research work.Reference Books 胡壮麟， 语言学教程，北京大学出版社，2001 年，北京 刘润清， 西方语言学流派，外语教学与研究出 版社，1995年，北京 Fromkin, Victoria and Rodman, Robert. 1998. An introduction to language. 6th ed. Harcourt Brace College Publishers.Lectu
9、res DiscussionsquizLearning A6morphology3457syntaxsemanticspragmaticsLanguage change and society281Introduction phonologyLanguage and second language acquisitionLinguistics is the scientific study of language.A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist. Exhaustiveness/adequacy:Exhaustive
10、ness/adequacy: the linguist should gather all the materials relevant to his investigation and give them an adequate explanation; Consistency:Consistency: there should be no contradiction between different part of the total statement Economy:Economy: other things being equal, s shorter or analysis is
11、 preferred to a longer or more involved one Objectivity:Objectivity: a linguist should be as objective as possible in his description and analysis of data, allowing no prejudice to influence his generalizations. Theoretical linguisticsTheoretical linguistics 1. Phonetics 2. Phonology 3. Morphology 4
12、. Syntax 5. Semantics Use of linguisticsUse of linguistics 1. Applied Linguistics 2. Sociolinguistics 3. psycholinguistics .Theoretical linguisticsTheoretical linguistics Phonetics speech sounds (description, classification, transcription): articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonet
13、ics. Phonology sound patterns of languages Morphology the form of words Syntax the rules governing the combination of words into sentences Semantics the meaning of language (when the meaning of language is conducted in the context of language use pragmatics)Use of linguisticsUse of linguistics Appli
14、ed linguistics linguistics and language teaching Sociolinguistics social factors (e. g. class, education) affect language use Psycholinguistics linguistic behavior and psychological process Stylistics linguistics and literatureSome other applicationsSome other applications Anthropological linguistic
15、s Neurolinguistics Computational linguistics (e.g. machine translation) Descriptive describe/ analyze linguistic facts observed or language people actually use (modern linguistics) Prescriptive lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar) synchronicdescription of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) diachronicdescription of a language through time (historical development of language over a period of time) Speech primary medium of language Writing later developed langueabstract systems shared
