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1、英汉比较翻译之替换与重复黄山学院 程汕姗替换与重复由于英文重形合，所以通过各种形合手段将比较大量的信息 连接在一个句子里，联系紧密，逻辑分明。这种情况下，其代词 所指往往比较明确而不易混淆，因此，为了避免单调乏味，英文 句子常常采用替换、省略等方式来变换同一个词的表达。而中文 则相反，由于汉语主要依靠意合，其隐含的逻辑贯穿全句，因此 为了保持句子的“形散神不散”，就需要通过重复的手段来增强凝 聚力，保持读者的注意力。所以，汉语往往不使用同义词等替代 手段，因为那样会使得精力分散。如，用代词替代：他讨厌失败，他一生曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且蔑视别人 的失败。He hated failure, h
2、e had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others. 替换与重复词语的替换与重复在英汉两种语言中都是存在的，但是相比较而 言，英语倾向于用替换来避免重复；而在汉语中，语言的重复现 象则无论在使用范围还是出现频率上均远远超出英语。英语行文中有一条不成文的规定，即避免重复.“Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis
3、 or for clarity”除非是作者有意强调或出于修辞的需要。例如：替换与重复It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, i
4、t was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.这是最好的时期，这是最坏的时期；这是智慧的 岁月，这是愚昧的岁月；这是信仰坚定的时代，这是 怀疑一切的时代；这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节 ；这是希望之春，这是绝望之冬；人们应有尽有，人 们一无所有；人们直登天堂，人们径堕地狱。替换与重复n 音节重复Commercials seld
5、om make for entertaining and relaxing listening.Commercials seldom entertain and relax listeners.Close examination of the results of the investigation led to a reorganization of the department.Close study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department.替换与重复n 词语重复We listened
6、to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village.We listened to an account of the villagers customs.-Is Mary coming to the evening party?- I hope Mary is coming to the evening party.-I hope so.He seriously maintains that the situation is serious now.He seriously maintains that the situ
7、ation is grave now.替换与重复n 句式重复Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future. Now is the time to forget everything in the past. At the moment, we have to get down to the business and work hard for the future.
8、 替换与重复n 意义重复“请给我们多提宝贵意见” Please gives us your valuable opinions Your opinions will be appreciated他的病情好多了. His sick condition is much better He is much better经常给我写信。 Write (letters) to me often替换与重复n 替代（substitution） n 名词性替代（ nominal substitution）A chemical change is one in which the structure of par
9、ticles is changed and a new substance is formed.化学变化是改变粒子结构，形成新物质的一种变化。Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English canal system and they characterize the Industrial Revolution.在英国运河网络的修建过程中，有两点十分突出。而这两点也 正是整个工业革命的特点。替换与重复动词性替代（verbal substitution）We faced the question in 1988, as to so
10、me extent we still do today.1988年我们就碰到了这个问题，在某种程度上，今天我们依 然面临着同样的问题。He never really succeeded in his ambitions. He might have done, one felt, had it not been for the relentlessness of his nature.他野心勃勃，但从未如愿以偿。人们觉得，要不是他那冷酷 无情的本性，他也许会有所作为的。替换与重复分词性替代 （clausal substitution）Achievements have a dual chara
11、cter, so do mistakes.成绩有两重性，错误也有两重性。Many people believe that the e-mail will one day replace the letter. My sister also thinks so but I believe not.一个人的工作，究竟是三分成绩七分过错，还是七分成绩三 分过错，必须要有个根本的评价。 We must have a fundamental evaluation of a persons work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30%
12、and his mistakes to 70%, or vice versa.替换与重复省略 （omission/ ellipsis）The flat has a sitting-room , a dinning room and one bedroom. Each has a window overlooking the sea.每个房间都有一扇窗户可以俯瞰大海。Work with, and not against, nature.（我们）要顺应自然做事， 不要违背自然做事。Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtl
13、e; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻 ，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。替换与重复近朱者赤，近墨者黑。Association with the good can produce good, with the wicked ,evil.一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.替换与重复替换 （vari
14、ation） 同名异称法/ 近义词复现Mrs. Thatcher, she, the Prime Minister, the Iron Lady, the leader of the Conservative Party, the first woman Prime MinisterThe monkeys extraordinary performance was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine，the animal had learned to solo on the vehicle这只猴子最出色的表演是学开拖拉机。到9岁时
15、，它已学会 独自驾驶拖拉机了。Then they went on with the peakThe climb was an extremely difficult one然后他们继续向顶峰攀登，这是一次极难的攀登。替换与重复非洲人民正在为争取非洲的彻底解放进行着艰巨的斗争。The African people are waging a hard struggle to win the complete liberation of the continent.另一种方法就是化学方法。Another method is the chemical process.Another process i
16、s the chemical method.替换与重复英语比较忌讳重复，因而常用替代、省略和变换的 表达方式；相比之下，汉语则比较习惯于重复，因 而常用实称、还原和复说的表达方法。汉语的重复倾向均衡美汉字的音节文字属性声、韵、调双音节化“偶语易安，奇字难适”对偶、对联替换与重复 重叠（Reduplication）叠字叠词 名词重叠AA：天天 事事 声声 字字 AABB： 风风雨雨 岁岁年年 家家户户 男男女女 日日夜 夜 花花草草 数量词重叠BB: 片片 个个 件件 张张 重重 层层ABB:一道道 一座座 一条条 一桩桩 一朵朵ABAB： 一步一步 一次一次 AABB：三三两两 千千万万替换与重复动词重叠 AA:吃吃 喝喝 跑跑 跳跳 蹦蹦 想想 说说 听听 省省 A-：瞧一瞧 走一走 乐一乐 逛了逛 敲了敲 拍了拍 ABAB: 考虑考虑 合计合计 考察考察 商量商量 AABB: 进进出出 来来往往 吞吞吐吐 缠缠
