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1、Two goals:Reading English Learning about cultureof English- speaking countriesREQUIREMENTS:Class participation 25% Homework 25% Final exam 25% Term paper 25%Commonwealth of Nations: With 52 countries which used to be British colonies. （ http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commo nwealth_of_Nations.svg）E
2、urope: Cyprus, Malta, UKAfrica: Botswana, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, ZambiaAsia: Bangladesh, Brunei, India, Malaysia, Maldives, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri LankaOceania: Australia
3、, New Zealand, Kiribati, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, VanuatuNorth America: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, United States, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and TobagoSouth Ameri
4、ca: GuyanaUnited Kingdom of Britain and Northern IrelandBritainNorthern IrelandEnglandScotlandWalesFor one thing, the days of empire are now long enough ago that only old people remember it as anything of any importance in their lives.比如，大英帝国时代过去太久， 现在只有在老年人的记忆里，大英 帝国才有那么一点儿意义。Par 2, p 2not least in
5、 the close relationships which exist with the countries which used to be a part of that empire, and which maintain links through aorganization. 尤其是同英联邦国家的密切关系，那些国家 曾是英帝国的一部分，现在通过英联邦这样一个松 散、自愿参加的组织保持关系。What is the key theme?- It is not easy to sum up the characteristics of the British people in a few
6、 words.p. 4 Stereotype：A fixed (usually wrong) image of somebody or something.British people are different from each other in terms of：regionreligiongendereconomyrace Par 2, p. 4 it is a society with a class- structure. It is possible to exag- gerate the importance of this class-structure, because,
7、but it is true that.英国是一个有阶级的国家。我也许夸大了这种 阶级体系的重要性，读者会说大多数国家都有某 种阶级存在，但是英国的阶级构成的确比较明显 。Par 3, p. 4though the boundary between them is not marked on any map, and exists only as a rather unclear mental attitude.注释8：，只是一条模糊的、存在于人们心理上的 纬线。改：虽然这个差别并没有标注在任何一张地图上， 而 只是人们头脑中的一种态度。Dominance of London:Populati
8、on: 1/7 of national populationPolitics: national capitalCulture: long historyBusiness: big companiesDominance of England Population: over 80% of nationArea: over of nationPar 2, p. 5England is physically the largest of the four nations, and it has by far the largest population. This dominance in siz
9、e is reflected in.改译：面积和人口的优势反映 在Par 3, p. 5 Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. 注释 12：英国是由许多凯尔特人的部落王 国构成的，其强大的文化源于中欧地区。改：那时，英国由许多凯尔特部落 王国组成，其强大的文化随着凯尔特人从 欧洲中部迁移到不列颠。Meaning of England and EnglishTo foreigners, equate to Bri
10、tain and British（英国）To Scots and Welsh, just England (英 格兰）Par 3, p. 6the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator, and have in fact managed to gradually bind the monarchy into a more democratic system, rather than completely rejecting it.逐渐将君主制融入一种民主体系，而不是完
11、 全摒弃君主制。Invasion of Britain43 AD，Romans（罗马帝国，欧洲）449 AD，Anglo-Saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人，北 欧）Late 8th-11th Century, Vikings（维京人，北欧）1066, Normans（诺曼人，法国北部）Par 2, p. 7The Normans did not: rather they imported a ruling class.诺曼人并没有向不列颠大举移民，而只是带来 了一个新的统治阶级。ScotlandAbout 5 million peopleMountianous areasBraveheartAr
12、e You Going to Scarbarrow Fair Are you going to Scarborough Fair Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme Remember me to one who lives there She once was a true love of mineTell her to make me a cambric shirt Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme Without no seams nor needle work Then shell be a true love of mi
13、ne Tell her to find me an acre of land (On the side of a hill a sprinkling of leaves) Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme (Washes the grave with silvery tears) Between the salt water and the sea strands (A soldier cleans and polishes a gun) Then shell be a true love of mineTell her to reap it with a s
14、ickle of leather (War bellows blazing in scarlet battalions) Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme (Generals order their soldiers to kill) And gather it all in a bunch of heather (And to fight for a cause theyve long ago forgotten) Then shell be a true love of mineAre you going to Scarborough Fair Parsl
15、ey, sage, rosemary and thyme Remember me to one who lives there She once was a true love of minePar 3, p. 7a process of joining together, so that any English identity eventually became swamped by the necessity of adopting a wider British identity, both to uniteand to present a single identity externally将不列颠岛各部统一在英格兰之下的过 程，结果“英格兰个性”被“不列颠个性”所替 代，这样既可以团结国内力量，也可对外 呈现统一的帝国形象。
