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1、Part I IntroductionnChapter 1 An Overview (I)n1.1 Defining culturen1.2 General knowledge of Chinese culturen1.1 Defining culturenWhat is culture?nLiteraturenArtsnReligionnEducationnFestivalsnSportsnScience and technologynEconomy?nDifferent definitions of culture:nCulture and cultivaten1) Culture ref
2、ers to “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”. (The New Oxford Dictionary of English, p.447)n2) Culture is “the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behaviour.” nCulture thus defined consists of language, ideas, belief, customs, tabo
3、os, codes, institutions, tools, techniques, works of art, rituals, ceremonies, and other related components; nand the development of culture depends upon mans capacity to learn and to transmit knowledge to succeeding generations.”nAccording to Edward Burnett Tylors (1871) classic definition, “cultur
4、e includes all capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” n(The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume 3, p784)n3) Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning “to cultivate”) is a term that has various meanings. nThe word “culture” is most commonly used in three
5、 basic senses:na) Excellence of taste (体验) in the fine arts and humanities ( 人文学科), also known as high culture；nb) An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning；nc) The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, an
6、d practices that characterizes an institution, organization or groupn(Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture)nHe Zhonghua from Shandong University:nA nations culture counts a lot in her status in the world. (Hu Jintao)nCulture: as soft power and hard powernDimensions of culture:nOuter layer: material culture (such as implements)nInner layer: spirit culture (world of soul, belief, value, n subjective world): formless but of vital importancenMiddle layer: systems
