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1、Artificial Intelligence Communications 1202 Group 7Artificial IntelligenceSearch enginesLaborAppliancesSciencecontent Definition Meanings History and greatmen Developing and difficulties Knowledge Current situation Applications and Achievements Future Definition 定义Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the
2、 intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. Definition in AI textbook :”the study and design of intelligent agents” 人工智能（AI）是机器智能与计算机科学，旨 在创建它的分支。在AI教科书的定义：“学习 的智能代理的设计。” 人工智能是计算机科学的前沿，充满机遇和挑战。 “A student in physics might reasonably feel that all the good ide
3、as have already been taken by Galileo,Newton,Einstein,and the rest,and that it takes many years of study before one can contribute new ideas,AI,on the other hand,still has openings for a full-time Einstein.” _Artificial Intelligence:A modern Approach （一位在物理学领域的学生会理所当然的认为所有的好点子已经 被伽利略，牛顿，爱因斯坦和其他人，它需要
4、许多年前的研究能做出贡献的新思路，另一方面，AI，仍然作为一个全职的爱因斯 坦。）“Science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by man.” 让让机器做的事情，需要智慧，如果做了人的 科学。Minsky “make computer more useful and to understand principles that make intelligence possible.” 使电脑 更加有用和明白原则，使智力成为可 能。 Wi nstonThe exciting new ef
5、fort to make computers thinks machine with minds, in the full and literal sense” (Haugeland 1985)“The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people” (Kurzweil, 1990)“The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models” (Charniak
6、et al. 1985)A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of computational processes” (Schalkol, 1990)Systems that think like humansSystems that think rationallySystems that act like humansSystems that act rationallyViews of AI fall into four categories:What is AI?
7、19561956BirthBirthEnthusiasmEnthusiasm（狂热狂热 ）19661966DifficultiesDifficultiesNeural Networks RebornNeural Networks Reborn19861986Computational IntelligenceComputational Intelligence19691969 IJCAI was heldIJCAI was held19701970AI was launchedAI was launchedKnowledge EngineeringKnowledge Engineering19
8、771977PresentPresent国际人工智能联合会议The History of AISecondary Translation - Machine Translation the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak the vodka is good but the meat is rottenCombinatorial explosion problem (组合爆炸) The fact that a program can find a solution in principle does not means that the progr
9、am contains any of the mechanisms needed to find it in practice.Perceptron limitations(感知机局限性) A two-input perceptron cannot be trained to recognize when its two inputs are different.Difficulties McCarthyMcCarthy 麦卡锡麦卡锡MinskyMinsky 明斯基明斯基ShannonShannon 香农香农GreatmenGreatmenThe American scholar McCart
10、hy who is considered the father of artificial intelligence of organized a Society, many experts and scholars gathered together for a discussion of up to two months. Inviting them to participate in the “Summer Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Research Society.“ Since then, this field is named “artif
11、icial intelligence“ McCarthyMcCarthy 麦卡锡麦卡锡ExampleExampleIn machine learning, in 1957 Rosenblatt ( 罗森布拉特 )successfully developed Perceptron(感知机);在1957年机器产生时代 ，罗森布拉特成功的研 制出感知机。achievement In theorem proving, in 1958 Wang Hao in the IBM-704 machine with a 3-5 minute proved all 220 theorem “Principia M
12、athematica” in the relevant propositional calculus;In 1965, Robinson made due to the resolution principle(归 结原理);定理证明，1958年王皓用IBM-704机用3-5分钟 的证明所有220定理“数学原理”中的相关命题 演算;1965年，罗宾逊作出了应有的决议原则。In pattern recognition( 模式识别), 1959 Selfridge(塞尔福里奇)launched a pattern recognition program; 1965 Roberts prepared
13、 a distinguished building block construction procedures(可分辨积木构造程序); 1959年塞尔弗里奇用模式识别推出了模式识别程序; 1965年罗伯茨准备了杰出的 建筑模块结构的程序。In terms of problem solving(问题求解): 1960 Newell(纽厄尔) compiled a universal problem solver (GPS), can solve 11 different types of problems; In expert systems(专家系统): the results of the
14、1968 Feigenbaum(费根鲍姆) developed DENDRAL expert system and put into use;achievement 在专家系统：1968的结果费根鲍姆开发DENDRAL“专家系 统”并投入使用；在解决问题方面：1960纽厄尔编译一个普遍的问题解决者 (GPS),可以解决11个不同类型的问题;May 1997, the U.S. IBMs “Deep Blue” supercomputer beat the world chess champion Garry Kasparov(卡斯帕罗 夫). The great achievements of
15、 artificial intelligence1997五月，美国IBM的“深蓝 ”超级计算机击败了国际象棋 世界冠军卡斯帕罗夫（卡斯帕 罗夫）。Computational Intelligence thriving (90s-now)Artificial Neural Network人工神经网络Genetic Algorithm遗传算法Fuzzy Reasoning模糊推理Particle Swarm Optimization粒子群优化Artificial Immune System人工免疫系统Artificial intelligence (人工智能 )Turing test (图灵测试)pattern recognition(模式识别)expert systems(专家系统)Neural Network(神经网络)The Turing test (1936)nAlan turing （1912-1954）nThe Turing test is a test of a machines ability to exhibit intelligent behavior or indisti
