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1、HeritHeritability of the Specific ability of the Specific Cognitive Ability of Face PerceptionCognitive Ability of Face Perception面部特征辨认能力面部特征辨认能力的可遗传性的可遗传性 Individual differences in general cognitive ability are thought to be mediated by generalist genes that affect many cognitive abilities similar
2、ly without specific genetic influences on particular cognitive abilities 一般来说认知能力被认为是由“全才基因 ”促成的, “全才基因”影响许多认知能力, 也就是说没有特定的基因影响特定的认知 能力。 In contrast, we present here evidence for cognitivespecialist genes: monozygotic twins are more similar than dizygotic twins in the specific cognitive ability of f
3、ace perception. Thus，we put forward assumption : The specific cognitive ability of face perception is influenced by “specialist genes” 相反地，我们在这里提出有关认知的特定 基因的证据：关于脸部认知的特定认知能 力，同卵双胞胎比异卵双胞胎更相似。 对此，我们提出假设：面部特征辨认能力 是受到“特定基因”的遗传For the experiment , we did these items：The object of study:173 twin pairs (10
4、2 monozygotic and 71 dizygoticage :7-19)Experimental Procedures: (1)Present a suppose :The specific cognitive ability of face perception is affected by “specialist genes”.(2)Instructed the 102 monozygotic and 71 dizygotic to compelet the following measures:a. old/new recognition memory task (FRA) b.
5、 the face-inversion effect (FIR)c. the composite-face effect (CFE) d. global-local task (GLI)(3)Collected data and made digrams(4)Analyze data and digrams(5)Draw a conclussion学习部分测试部分实验一（新旧图片认知（FRA） 一：会用到40张脸部图像和 40张房子图像二：在学习部分：每一个种类的20张图像会每张停留1秒，还有0.5秒的刺 激时间间隔，而这20张图像会重复两次三：在测试部分，10个学习图像会显示两次，还会随机地
6、混杂20张相同类别的新的图像。对于每一张图像的呈现，被试者会被告知去辨别这些图像是否在学习部分中出现过Fishers z test, two-tailed, z = 2.17, p 0.05, indicating significant heritability of face specific recognitionHeritability of FRA was 38.9% (95% confidence intervals: 20.1% to 54.2%) (estimated by an ADE model that is a genetic model for twin studie
7、s including dominancegenetic effects, chi-square goodness of fit test, c2(4) = 2.29, p = 0.68) (Figure 2A).实验二（正立与倒置认知（FIE） ）判断是否相同这个任务里用25张脸部图像，每对脸部刺激会连续地呈现，是两张都是正置的或者是两张都是倒置的，在每一个试验中，随机出现一张照片之后过0.5秒出现第二张图片，之后被试需作出“相同”或者“不同”的回答。每一个情况有50个试验，有一半的脸部图像组合是相同的，有一半的两部 图像组合是不同的。The FIE was significantly mo
8、re correlated between MZ than DZ twins (z = 2.17, p 0.05) Heritability was estimated at 24.8% (5.9% to 41.6%) for the FIE (c2(4) = 2.17, p = 0.70)实验三（对齐与偏离认知（CFE）判断混合脸任务 脸部合成是由5张脸部图像制作而成的。每一对混合脸图像会随机连续呈现 ，两张都是对齐的或者是两张都是偏离的，每一个试验都是从一个空白的停 留1秒的屏幕开始的，接着出现第一张在屏幕中央停留0.8秒的混合脸（对齐 或偏离）。然后，在0.5秒的刺激时距的间隔之后，第二
9、张混合脸出现并停 留0.8秒。被试者被要求去判断混合脸图像的上半部分是否相同。每个情况 有40个试验，有一半的脸部图像组合共享相同的上半部分，有一半的脸部图 像组合有不同的上半部分。we found a significantly greater correlation in the CFE for MZ than DZ twins (z = 2.72, p 0.01) (Figure 1C); heritability was estimated to be 31.0%(10.6% to 48.2%) (c2(4) = 7.69, p = 0.10)实验四（整体与局部认知（GLI） ）有两组
10、图（共四种形式），一组图是内外都是同一个形状（方或圆） ，另一组图内外都不同形状（外大圆内小方，外大方内小圆）。屏幕 先空白1秒，再随机会淡出一个图形持续0.5秒，然后被试看到圆形马 上按“1”，方形按”2“。例如淡出的图形是外圆内方，要求被试指 出内形状，此时被试应按“2”。该实验图片为80张，每种20张。圆形按“1”方形按“2”Although GLI was significant overall (Table 1), it was not heritable: the correlation for MZ twins was not greater than the correlati
11、on for DZ twins (z =21.37, p = 0.17) From the four experiments ,we could find the monozygotics correlation was greater than the dizygotic in FRA、FIE、CFE , but the result was opposite in the GLI . In other words, The specific cognitive ability of face perception is affected by “specialist genes”. 从以上
12、四个实验，我们可以发现被试在FRA 、FIE、CFE这三个实验中同卵双胞胎实验 的相关性是比异卵双胞胎实验的相关性要 大，但在第四个GLI实验中，结果却相反。 换句话说，面部特征识别能力是由基因遗 传的。影响实验的因素 Firstly : Environment (环境因素)作者获得了一组数据，即ADE模型 和双胞胎胎实验结果的相似性不能 够被遗传理论解释，因为环境因素 在FRA、FIE、CFE中分别占了 61.1%,75.2%,69.0%，所以虽然遗传 面部识别能力占了一定比重，但是 也不能排除环境的影响The environment parameter (errors of measure
13、ment and nonshared environmental influences ) estimated from the ADE model, or twins resemblance not explained by heritability, accounts for 61.1%, 75.2%, and 69.0% of the variance for FRA, FIE, and CFE, respectively.影响实验的因素 Secondly : Age (年龄因素)作者发现，大体上遗传因素解释 年纪大的（13-19岁）比年轻的（ 7-12岁）的小孩变化更大，根据 其他认知
14、特点的报告，或许表明 经验因素在时间发展的历程上发 挥的影响更强大。Inter-estingly, genetic factors explained substantially more of thevariance among older (1319 years of age) than younger(7 12 years of age) children ，as reported forother cognitive traits , perhaps indicating that experientialfactors exert a stronger influence on th
15、e time course of devel-opment than on the level of performance ultimately achieved. 影响实验的因素 Thirdly : IQ (智力因素)FIE or CFE with IQ is not a result of insufficient power, because the correlations were in fact significantly negative in both cases (FIE: r = 20.17, p 0.005; CFE: r = 20.24, p 0.001). FIE或
16、CFE与智商之间缺乏有力的相关性结果，因为相关性实际上是重大的负相关（FIE： r=-0.17,p0.005;CFE:r=-0.24.p0.001），这个负相关反映出一个事实，就是在智商与 直立的面部洞察力之间的相关性很低（FIE ：r=0.13,p0.05）或根本不存在（CFE： r=0.03,p=0.60） This hypothesis found no positive correlation between the FIE or CFE and IQ (measured by Ravens advanced progressive matrices), yet found a correlation between the FIE and CFE (r = 0.11, p 0.05)
