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1、Chapter 8Foundations of individual and group behaviorOrganizational Behavior The study of the actions of people at work The focus of OB Individual behaviors Personality, perception, learning, and motivation Group behaviors (sum of individual behaviors?) Norms, roles, team-building and conflict The g
2、oals of OB To explain To predict behaviorThe Organization as an Iceberg Metaphor- OB provides manager with insight into those hidden partsBehaviors of Interest to OB Employee productivity The efficiency and effectiveness of employees Absenteeism The election by employees to attend work Turnover The
3、exit of an employee from an organization Organizational citizenship Employee behaviors that promote the welfare of the organizationUnderstanding Employees Attitudes Valuative statements concerning objects, people, or events Cognitive component The beliefs, opinions, knowledge, and information held b
4、y a person Affective component The emotional, or feeling, segment of an attitude Behavioral component An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or somethingJob-Related Attitudes Job satisfaction An employees general attitude toward his or her job. Job involvement The degree to which an
5、employee identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, and considers his or her job performance important for self-worth. Organizational commitment An employees orientation toward the organization in terms of his or her loyalty to, identification with, and involvement in the organizat
6、ion.Personality and Behavior Personality is the combination of the psychological traits that characterize that person. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) A method of identifying personality types uses four dimensions of personality to identify 16 different personality types.MBTI中文免费权威专业版： http:/ Mat
7、ching Personalities And JobsPersonPersonJobPerformancPerformance ePerception Perception A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.Perceptual Challenges: What Do You See?Exhibit 8.5Learning Learning defined Any relati
8、vely permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. Operant conditioning (B. F. Skinner) A behavioral theory that argues that voluntary, or learned, behavior is a function of its consequences. Reinforcement increases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated; behavior that i
9、s not rewarded or is punished is less likely to be repeated. Rewards are most effective if they immediately follow the desired response. Social learningpeople can learn from observation and direct experience.Foundations Of Group BehaviorGroup Two or more interacting and interdependent individuals wh
10、o come together to achieve particular objectives Role A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone in a given position in a social unit Norms Acceptable standards (e.g., effort and performance, dress, and loyalty) shared and enforced by the members of a group Status A prestige grading,
11、position, or rank within a group May be informally conferred by characteristics such as education, age, skill, or experience. Anything can have status value if others in the group admire it.Group Effects Social loafing The tendency of an individual in a group to decrease his or her effort because re
12、sponsibility and individual achievement cannot be measured Group cohesiveness The degree to which members of a group are attracted to each other and share goals Size, work environment, length of time in existence, group-organization, and goal congruency affect the degree of group cohesiveness.The Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness and Productivity
