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1、一、动词时态和语态 1.时态(1)一般现在时表述客观真理和客观存在及自然现象；表示习惯性，经常性的动作，或经常存在的状态。常见的时间状语有：often，usually，always，sometimes，now and then等。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳从东方升起，从西边落下。We have meals three times a day.我们一日三餐。(现在的习惯)He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于助人。(现在的状态)用于时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，表示将要发生的动作。
2、If you work hard，you will succeed next year.如果你努力，明年你就会成功。What are you going to be when you grow up?你长大后干什么？表示按时间表拟定的或安排好的事情，或将要发生的事情，用一般现在时代替将来时，常见的动词有：come，go，leave，start，begin，arrive，return，take，plan等。The bus leaves at 5 this afternoon.汽车在今天下午5点开。表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态。There goes the bell.铃响了。(2)一般过去时表示
3、过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常常给出过去的时间状语，如yesterday，last night，at that time等。I saw a film last night.昨天晚上我看了部电影。I often went swimming in my hometown.在家乡时，我常去游泳。When I was a boy，I often went to play in that park.我小时候，常去那个公园玩。(过去的习惯)在复合句中，当描述过去将来的事情时，条件状语从句、时间状语从句和让步状语从句用一般过去时，主句用过去将来时。She said she would give me
4、 a gift when she came again.她说她下次来时给我带礼物。(3)一般将来时“will/shall动词原形”表示一个将要发生的动作或状态。若表示“打算、准备、计划、即将”时，可用be going to替代shall，will。When are you going to do some shopping？你什么时间去购物？一般将来时的其他表达方式abe doing往往指安排好要做的事。常用的动词有：come，go，leave，start，begin，run，stay，do，take等。Im going tomorrow.明天我要走了。bbe to do sth.表示按计划、
5、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3 oclock this afternoon.今天下午三点钟将要举行一次会议。The examination is to take place next week.下周举行考试。cbe about to do用于表示客观就要发生的事，马上就要发生，一般不与具体的时间状语连用。I was about to go to bed when the phone rang.我正要上床睡觉，这时，电话响了。(4)过去将来时表示就过去某一时间而言，将要发生的动作。He said he would
6、never come back again.他说他再也不回来了。(5)现在进行时表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段，但不一定是讲话时发生着的动作；表近期特定的安排或计划；go，come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。He is teaching English and learning Chinese.他正教英语和学习汉语。The girl is always talking loud in public.这个女孩总是在公开场合大声讲话。表示反复出现或习惯性动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always，continually，constantly连用。He is always
7、 thinking of others first.他总是先想到他人。He is always making the same mistake.他总是犯同一个错误。(6)过去进行时过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生的动作。He was watching TV at 9 oclock last night.昨晚9点钟他正在看电视。某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt hi
8、mself.我弟弟骑自行车时从车子上摔了下来，伤了自己。Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.当没人注意的时候，汤姆溜了进来。As she was reading the newspaper，Granny fell asleep.奶奶读着报就睡着了。The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it.那位记者说，当他看到时，不明飞行物正在自东向西飞行。(7)现在完成时表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果，着眼点在现在。通常与
9、下列状语连用，如yet，just，before，lately，often，never，now，today等，但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用(如：in 1993，last year等)。Ive forgotten his telephone number.我忘了他的电话号码了。Weve had too much rain this year.今年雨水太多。表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并可能延续下去的动作。常同表示一段时间的状语连用，如：so far，up to now，since，for the past (last) few years等。He has worked here fo
10、r over twenty years.他在这里工作已有20多年了。Up to now，we have received no news from her.到现在，我们还没收到她的消息。This/It is the first/second.timethat从句。that从句谓语要用现在完成时。This is the first time I have come here.这是我第一次来这里。在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.只有我亲自看到，我才
11、会相信你的话。(强调“看完”)I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.我干完了工作就和你一起去。(强调“干完”)(8)过去完成时过去完成时的动作表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或已经存在的状态。句中常用by，before，until，when等词引导时间状语。By the end of last year，we had built five new houses.到去年末，我们已建了五座新房子。I had learnt 5,000 words before I entered the university.在我上大学前
12、就学了5,000个单词。过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或继续持续下去。Before he slept，he had worked for 12 hours.他工作了12个小时才睡觉。常用于下列情况a用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句，表示动作发生在这些动词之前。She said that she had never been to Paris.她说她从未去过巴黎。b用在状语从句中，在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。When the police arrived，
13、the thieves had run away.警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。She had learned some English before she came to the institute.她在来学院前已学过一些英语。cHardly/Scarcely/Barely had.done.when.；No sooner had.done.than.。when和than从句里用一般过去时，表示“刚刚就”。Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。Hardly had we s
14、tarted when the car got a flat tyre.我们才刚刚动身，汽车的轮胎就漏气了。dIt was/had been一段时间since从句。since从句中谓语动词用过去完成时。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.十年我们没这么高兴了。eThat/It was the first/second/.timethat从句。that从句谓语要用过去完成时。It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.这是他第三次犯同样的错误了。Th
15、at was the first time that I had passed the exam.那是我第一次考试及格。f表示愿望、打算一类的词，如：hope，expect，mean，intend，want，think，suppose等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)I had meant to help you，but I was too busy at the moment.我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。I had thought you would come tom
16、orrow.我原以为你明天才来呢。(9)将来完成时将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为：by将来的某个时间。By this time of next year，all of you will have become college students.到明年的这个时候，你们大家就成了大学生了。(10)现在完成进行时现在完成进行时表示一个动作开始于过去，并持续到现在，并强调现在还在进行。完成进行时是完成时和进行时的组合，因此，它具备完成时和进行时的一些因素，如：它具备进行时的“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩等” 的特点。He has been learning English for 6 years.(从过去某一时间开始学英语，强调到现在还在学)It has been raining for 3 days.(强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩) 2.语态语态包括主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式用主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语动词的形式用被动语态
