《知识组织工具（四）索引典（Thesaurus）》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《知识组织工具（四）索引典（Thesaurus）（42页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、知識組織工具（四）索引典 (Thesaurus)藍文欽 Lanwccms.ntu.edu.tw 05/15/2003Preluden索引典是字彙控制(vocabulary control) 的工具之一。n索引典是索引用語及檢索詞彙的 authority list。n索引典是由已知的概念查得代表該概念 的適當用語。concept termn索引典透過標準化詞彙的選用，使同一 概念產生類聚(grouping)的作用。IntroductionnThesaurus 的原義為：Treasury, Collectionn通常用於同義字字典。 “A book of words and their synon
2、yms”（Merriam- Websters Dictionary） “A book of words that are put in groups together according to connections between their meanings rather than in an alphabetical list.” (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)ne.g., Rogets Thesaurus of English Words and Phrasesn1957AD H. P. Luhn最早以Thesaurus代表主題
3、索引 用語辭典（簡稱索引典），並以之為字彙控制的工 具。（一說Brownson於1957正式使用索引典一詞）Definition“The vocabulary of a controlled indexing language, formally organized so that the a priori relationships between concepts (for example as “broader” and “narrower”) are made explicit. “(Source: Guidelines for the establishment and develo
4、pment of monolingual thesauri, ISO 2788:1986)Definition (cont.)“A thesaurus may be defined either in terms of its function or its structure. In terms of function, a thesaurus is a terminological control device used in translating from the natural language of documents, indexers or users into a more
5、constrained “system language” (documentation language, information language). In terms of structure, a thesaurus is a controlled and dynamic vocabulary of a controlled and dynamic vocabulary of semantically and generically related terms which covers a specific domain of knowledge.” (Source: Unesco.
6、The UNISIST Guidelines for the Establishment and Development of Monolingual Thesauri)Definition (cont.)n“A compilation of words and phrases showing synonymous, hierarchical, and other relationships and dependencies, the function of which is to provide a standardized vocabulary for information storag
7、e and retrieval. “n“A controlled vocabulary arranges in a known order in which equivalence, homographic, hierarchical, and associative relationships among terms are clearly displayed and identified by standardized relationship indicator, which must be employed reciprocally.” (Source: Guidelines for
8、the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Thesauri Document Number, ANSI/NISO Z39.19-1993)Definition (cont.)A thesaurus in the field of information storage and retrieval is a list of terms and/or of other signs (or symbols) indicating relationships among these elements, provided that t
9、he following criteria hold:nthe list contains a significant proportion of non-preferred terms and/or of preferred terms not used as descriptors;nterminological control is intended.(Source: Dagobert Soergel. Indexing Languages and Thesarui: Construction and Maintenance. Los Angeles: Melville, 1974. p
10、. 38-39.)Definition (cont.)就資訊儲存與檢索的範疇而言，索引典乃收 集足以表示知識概念的字或詞，並將之以特 定的結構加以排列，這些字彙控制了同義字 ，區別了同形異義字，並顯現各相關詞彙間 階層及語意互屬上的各種關係，以作為索引 者在分析處理資料及讀者在檢索資料時能選 用一致的、經過控制的詞彙。換言之，及提 供資訊儲存與檢索標準化的用語。 （Source: 蔡明月。線上資訊檢索理論與應用。台北：台灣學生，民80。頁177。）Brief Historyn1959 the Engineering Information Center of E. I. Dupont de N
11、emours developed the first true thesaurusn1960 the Armed Services Technical Information Agency (ASTIA) produced the Thesaurus of ASTIA Descriptorsn1961 the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) published the Chemical Engineering Thesaurusn1964 the Engineers Joint Council (EJC) published t
12、he Thesaurus of Engineering Termsn1967 Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms (TEST)Brief History (cont.)n1967 the Committee on Scientific and Technical Information (COSATI) published the first set of guidelines for thesaurus constructionn1970 Unesco Guidelines for the Establishment and Devel
13、opment f Monolingual Scientific and Technical Thesaurusn1974 ANSI (American National Standards Institute) Z39.19 a US national standard for thesaurus constructionn1974 the first international standard for thesaurus construction ISO 2788 Purposes and Use of Thesaurin“Its purposes are to promoted cons
14、istency in the indexing of documents, predominantly for postcoordinated information storage and retrieval systems, and to facilitate searching by linking entry terms with descriptors” (ANSI Z39.19-1993, p. 38)nFour principal purposes are served by a thesaurus: nTranslation. To provide a means for tr
15、anslating the natural language of authors, indexers, and users into a controlled vocabulary used for indexing and retrieval. nConsistency. To promote consistency in the assignment of index terms. nIndication of Relationships. To indicate semantic relationships among terms. nRetrieval To serve as a s
16、earching aid in retrieval of documents. (ANSI Z39.19-1993, p. 1)Vocabulary ControlThe need to control the formation and use of terms stems mainly from two basic features of natural language: Synonyms different terms representing the same concept Polysemes a word with multiple meanings in spoken language, polysemes are homonyms; in written language, they are homographs term
