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1、新高中經濟學課程學與教策略系列：(1) 建構式學習方法(重辦課程)討論問題 你有否應用類似的教學方法於這課題上， 抑或還有其他方法？若有的話，請分享。若果沒有，為什麼不採用呢？Double-auction experiment The first market experiment was conducted by Chamberlain (1948) Vernon Smith, a participant in one of Chamberlains experiments, modified it and created the double auction It is an experi
2、ment trying to simulate forces of demand and supply in a market lYoull be given the following: a label which shows whether youre a buyer (red) or a seller (blue) a piece of paper which shows either your value / cost, and allows you to record the trading information after each roundlTherell be around
3、 3-4 rounds of trading. Each round lasts for about 5 minutes. Each round of trading is a new one.Your objective:Get as much “gain” as possible:buyers gain OR sellers gainYou dont have to trade with others if you cant find chances of profitable trade. Dont trade at a loss! You dont have to reveal you
4、r cost / value After trading, please go to the “market manager”, get a green form and provide the following information : 1) trading price 2) buyer value and seller cost Dont be “shy”. Just “shout”! If you cant find trading partners for long,dont give up; just keep on searching, using all market inf
5、ormation available Dont always stick with the same person throughout the gameIncentives: The top 2 buyers and top 2 sellers with the highest gains will have a special prize. Discuss the following questions (If time doesnt allow you to finish all, just do Questions 1-2) 1. What are the strengths and
6、limitations of this experiment? 2a. What economic concepts are involved in thisexperiment?b. Suppose you have used this game to illustrate a certain/some economic concepts in a lesson.After playing the game with the class, think of about 4-5 questions that you would put in a worksheet oryou would as
7、k.3. (optional) How can this game be modified to illustrate more economic concepts?Debriefing handout Table A Sellers and buyers informationSellers costNumber in marketBuyers valueNumber in market$18 2$45 2 $23 2$40 2$28 1 $35 1$33 1 $30 1$38 1 $25 1$43 1 $20 1Now use the information in Table A to c
8、omplete the demand and supply schedule:PriceQuantity supplied (units)PriceQuantity demanded (units)$18 2$45 2$23 4$40 4$28 5 $35 5 $33 6 $30 6$38 7 $25 7$43 8 $20 8TopicKey Points EEfficiency, Equity and the Role of GovernmentEfficiency (i)Conditions for efficiency: Maximization of total social surp
9、lus; marginal benefit equals marginal cost. (ii)Deviations from efficiency:- Price ceiling, price floor, tax, subsidy and quota- Deadweight loss (iii)Divergence between private and social costs (benefits):market versus government solutions, illustrated by examples ONLY (N.B. Graphical analysis with
10、illustration of consumer surplus and producer surplus in a demand-supply diagram only. The terminology “Pareto condition” NOT required) How will you explain to students about the deadweight loss (or excess burden) caused by taxes? Tax distorts incentives and hence peoples behavior. People allocate r
11、esources according to tax incentives, rather than the true costs and benefits of the goods. For instance, if the government taxes housing, people live in smaller houses and spend more of their income on other things. If the government taxes ice- cream, people eat less ice-cream and more frozen yogur
12、t. Tax prevents some trades that would be profitable for both buyer and seller in the absence of a tax. Consumers buy less and producers produce less. Market size shrinks below the optimum.Taxes and EfficiencyS + taxS10510095D75cConsumer surplusTax revenueDeadweight lossProducer surplus54321109876Qu
13、antity (thousands of CD players per week)Price (dollars per CD player)1300Do many students have difficulty in understanding this concept?What if some students still find this concept too “abstract” to understand?Any other ways to make this concept more concrete (especially to those with the least ab
14、stract thinking ability)? In Session 1(where theres no tax) Find the sum of total consumer and sellersurplus. In Session 2 (where tax is added), bothconsumer and seller surplus decreasebecause some goes to tax revenue. Again find the sum of consumer surplus, seller surplus & tax revenue. Is the sum
15、in Session 2 the same as thatin Session 1? Why?0510152025303540455051015New Supply CurveOriginal Supply CurveNew EquilibriumOld EquilibriumDemand CurveSellers Pay the Sales TaxPQA: Consumer surplus B: Seller surplus C: Tax revenue D: Deadweight loss of a sales tax5101505101520253035404550New Supply CurveOriginal Supply CurveNew EquilibriumOld EquilibriumDemand CurvePQ
