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1、油气开采与钻探Prepared by Tom Sheeran Exploring and Drilling for Oil and GasPrepared by Tom Sheeran 什么是石油，什么是天然气? 石油和天然气是储存在地层中的物质 它们是从分解的动植物残骸演变而来 科学家们认为石油是这样形成的： 很久很久以前死亡的动植物被厚厚的沉积物缓慢掩 埋。经过很长的时间，在一定的压力和温度下，这 些有机物转变成立今天人们发现的石油。 (例如：我们现在知道堆积的垃圾可以产生沼气)Prepared by Tom Sheeran What are Oil and Gas? Oil and Ga
2、s are substances found within the earths crust. They are thought to come from decomposed plant and animal matter. Scientists believe the plants and animals died long ago, and were slowly buried by thick layers of sediments. Over a long period of time, and with pressure and temperature, the organic m
3、aterials were converted into the oil and gas which are found today. (For example, we know that present day garbage dumps give off methane gas)Prepared by Tom Sheeran 自然状态下的石油有的 粘稠，有的稀薄。颜 色有黑的，也有浅颜 色的。很多其他材料也来自于 石油产品:塑料 织布的材料 (例如: 聚酯纤维) 日用化学品 各种油漆关于油气我们还需要知道些什么？Prepared by Tom Sheeran 通过提炼，石油可以制 成很多产
4、品:发电厂用的燃料 轻型车用的汽油 卡车和火车用的柴油 飞机用的航空汽油 房屋取暖用的燃料油Oil in its natural state can be thick or thin, black or light colored.When oil is refined, many products can be obtained:Energy for power Gasoline for cars Diesel fuel for trucks and trains Hi-octane fuels for planes Heating oil for housesMany other mate
5、rials also come from petroleum:Plastics Materials for clothes (example: polyester fabrics) Chemicals for everyday use PaintsWhat else do we know about oil and gas?Prepared by Tom Sheeran 你知道石油中含有天然气吗？天然气在石油里处于溶解状态，就像汽水 中溶解的发出嘶嘶响声的二氧化碳一样当石油被开采出来的时候，一些天然气也 随着石油被采出来。 一桶石油可能含有 110,000立方英尺的天 然气，含量的多少取决于油
6、藏的类型。一桶油中的气体可以装满你的整个房子！Prepared by Tom Sheeran Did you know that oil has natural gas in it?The natural gas is in solution, just like the carbon dioxide which is put inside of pop to give it its fizz.When oil is produced, some gas is produced with the oil. A barrel of oil may contain anywhere from 1
7、cubic ft of gas, to over 10,000 cubic ft, depending on the type of reservoir.Thats enough gas in a single barrel of oil to fill your whole house!Prepared by Tom Sheeran 哪里可以找到石油和天然气?Prepared by Tom Sheeran Where can we find Oil and Gas?Prepared by Tom Sheeran 有的人认为石油在一个地下的大池子里.实际上，大多数油是嵌在岩石颗粒和沙子之间很小
8、 的孔隙里。大多数这样的孔隙肉眼是看不到的。Prepared by Tom Sheeran Some people think that oil is in big pools underground.Actually, most oil is trapped in the tiny pore spaces between grains of rock or sand. Most of these pores are too small to be seen with the naked eye.Prepared by Tom Sheeran 那么我们如何找到有油的岩层呢? 油气是在地层中天然
9、的圈闭构造中发现的。 这些油气圈闭构造由穹顶或断层组成。非渗透 性的岩石覆盖在构造顶部防止油气逃逸到地表 。非渗透性的岩石是指流体不能穿越的岩石。 没有这样的油气圈闭构造，油气就会向地表移 动，最终挥发掉。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran So, how do we find oil-bearing rocks? Oil and gas are found in natural traps within the earth. These traps consist of domes or faults. Impermeable rock above the trap preve
10、nts the oil and gas from migrating up to surface. An “impermeable” rock is one that fluid cannot pass through. without traps, the oil and gas could migrate all the way to the surface and evaporate. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 油这是一个穹顶型油藏的例子:这是阻止油气向上流动的非渗透性岩石层。注意下面的水层，它防止了油向下逃逸。 你知道为什么吗？水Prepared by Tom S
11、heeran OilHeres an example of a dome-shaped Oil reservoir.Note the layer of impermeable rock which prevents the oil from migrating upwards. Also, note the layer of water below which prevents the oil from escaping down. Why?WaterPrepared by Tom Sheeran 气这是一个气藏的例子和前面的例子一样，非渗透性的岩层阻止了气体的逃逸水Prepared by T
12、om Sheeran GasHeres an example of a Gas reservoir.Again, note the impermeable layer of rock preventing the gas from escaping.WaterPrepared by Tom Sheeran 气这是一个有气顶的油藏的例子油为什么我们要假设气体在顶部?水Prepared by Tom Sheeran GasHeres an example of an Oil reservoir with a Gas capOilWhy do you suppose the gas is on to
13、p?WaterPrepared by Tom Sheeran 我们如何找到这些油藏呢? 地球物理学家通过油藏反射的声波找到它们，计录声波 反射回来的时间 计算机处理这些数据，构造出地下岩层系统的图像Gas油声源接收器t = 1 sect = 1.2 sect = 1.42 secPrepared by Tom Sheeran How do we find the oil reservoirs? Geophysicists find reservoirs by bouncing sound waves off them, and timing how long it takes for the
14、sound to come back Computers process the data to construct pictures of what the earth looks like underground.GasOilsourcereceiverst = 1 sect = 1.2 sect = 1.42 secPrepared by Tom Sheeran 发现了油藏之后我们该干什么?Prepared by Tom Sheeran What do we do after we find a reservoir?Prepared by Tom Sheeran 我们钻一口井进去 ! !
15、 !Prepared by Tom Sheeran We Drill Into It ! ! !Prepared by Tom Sheeran 我们用什么钻井 ? Prepared by Tom Sheeran What do we drill with ? Prepared by Tom Sheeran 钻井设备! 以下是一些不同种类的钻井设备:陆上钻井架用于陆上钻井钻井船钻井船和半潜式钻井平台用于水深100 ft到5000+ft情况 的钻井半潜式钻井平台自升式钻井平台用于水深15ft 到+/-350ft 情况的钻井内陆驳船钻井架用于水深8ft 到30ft情况的钻井Prepared by T
16、om Sheeran A Drilling Rig ! Here are a few different types of drilling rigs available:Land RigFor drilling on land.Drill ShipDrill ships and semi-submersible rigs are for drilling in water depths from 100 to 5000+ ft.Semi-Submersible RigJackup RigFor drilling in water depths from 15 ft to +/- 350 ft.Inland BargeFor drilling in water depths from 8 to 30 ft.Prepared by Tom Sheeran 钻井设备是什么?Prepared by Tom Sheeran
