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1、1Chapter 5 Grammar: ClauseChapter 5 Grammar: Clause5.1 IntroductionClause (小句/子句) a group of words which form a grammatical unit and which contain a subject and a finite verb. A clause forms a sentence or part of a sentence and often functions as a noun, adjective or adverb.2Examples: 1) I hurried h
2、ome. ( a sentence, also a clause, a simple sentence)3) Because I was late, they went without me. subordinate clause (从属句)main clause(独立句,主句) complex sentence2) John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history.(coordinate sentence/compound sentence)coordinating conjunctionsubordinator3( More
3、: .is the study of the structure of phrases, clauses and especially sentences. It is considered as a subset in the study of grammar, which includes all areas of language aspects including phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Syntax studies how phrases and clauses are constructed. )Syntax (句
4、法)a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.4The boy kicked the ball angrily. l Boy the ball kicked angrily. l The girl caught the ball angrily. l The flower smiles happily. Which are correct and which are not,
5、and why? l5.2 Word Classes and Word OrderDeterminer + noun + verb + determiner+ noun + adv The dog ate the bone noisily. The boy kicked the ball angrily. 5Syntactic category(句法范畴）: a category of words having the same grammatical properties Phrase: expansion of words. E.g. the new book; run fast “ he
6、ad words” Clause (go to the book)Positional relation or word orderrefers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of language, the sentence will be ungrammatical or nonsensical.(The tall boy has kicked
7、the ball with his right foot angrily. )Relation of substitutabilityrefers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in the same sentence structures. 6Specifier X ComplementHead(Phrase elements)(Phrase elements)XPThe XP ruleThe XP ruleNote: The phrase structure rules can
8、be summed up as XP rule shown in the diagram, in which X stands for N, V, A or P, which refer to nouns, verbs, adjectives and prepositions.7X X Theory (X-bar Theory) Theory (X-bar Theory)lA girl with brown hairlX P (Specifier) XlX X (complement)l l X (head) complementSpecifier ( the)X P (Phrase leve
9、l) Xa girl with brown hair8SpecifiersSpecifiersl- Semantically, specifiers make more precise the meaning of the head; syntactically, they typically mark a phrase boundary. Specifiers can be determiners as in NP, qualifiers as in VP and degree words as in AP.9ComplementsComplementsl- Complements them
10、selves can be a phrase, they provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the headl e.g. a story about a sentimental girl; la sentence-like construction may also function as a complement such as in “I believed that she was innocent. I doubt if she wil
11、l come. They are keen for you to show up.” That/if /for are complementizers, the clauses introduced by complementizers are complement clause.10IC analysis (Immediate Constituents Analysis)“IC analysis” is a new approach of sentence study that cuts a sentence into two (or more) segments. This kind of
12、 pure segmentation is simply dividing a sentence into its constituent elements without even knowing what they really are . What remain of the first cut are called “immediate constituents”, and what are left at the final cut are called “ultimate constituents”. For example, “John left yesterday” can b
13、e thus segmented: “John| left yesterday”.We get two immediate constituents for the first cut (|), and they are “John” and “left yesterday”.Further split(|) this sentence generates three “ultimate constituents”: “John”, “left ” and “yesterday”.How to analyze a sentence?11The | new | product | has | p
14、assed | tests | with |flying | colors.The new product has passed tests with flying colors. 12The new product has passed tests with flying colors. Tree Diagram The new product has passed tests with flying colors. 13Labeled Tree DiagramThe new product has passed tests with flying colors. Det adj N aux
15、. V N Prep adj N NPNPVPVPNPPPPred.Sentence14Labeled Tree Diagram SNPVP NPDet N V Det N A boy kicked the ball.15Time for Break16Seven Clause Patterns in English SV They are singing. SVC The job is difficult. SVA He was in the car. SVO Lily is playing chess. SVOO I will send you the plan. SVOC The boss considers his secretary excellent. SVOA I put the plate away. 5.3 Clause Types175.4 Grammatical Categories5.4 Grammatical CategorieslCategory refers to a group of linguistic items which f
