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1、翻译选词(II)英汉词语对比与翻译选词See Textbook Chapter 1www.art-com.co.krCopyright by ARTCOM PT All rights reserved.Company LogoCONTENTS 1.学生课后作业展示 2.英汉语言对比与翻译选词3.课堂作业4.课后作业2英汉语言对比与翻译选词 Comparison and Dictionwww.art-com.co.krCopyright by ARTCOM PT All rights reserved.Company Logo CONTENTS 1.英汉语言词汇意义的对应2.英汉词汇对比与翻译选
2、词3.英汉思维模式对比与翻译选词4www.art-com.co.krCopyright by ARTCOM PT All rights reserved.Company Logo一般说来，英汉语言词汇意义的对应，可以大致分为完全对等、部分对等、无对等、词对应但语义不对等四种情况。1) 完全对等是指英语中有些词所表达的意义，在汉语中可以找到完全对应的词来表达，它们的意义在上下文中完全对等。这类词主要是通用的专有名词，如: China (中国), Germany (德国), New York (纽约)等专有名词，日常生活中的事物名称的词，如：table（桌子）, watch (手表)，sun (太
3、阳)等，以及科技英语的术语等。1.英汉语言词汇意义的对应对于完全对等的语义翻译，比较简单，一般可以采用直 译的方法加以处理。如：5www.art-com.co.krCopyright by ARTCOM PT All rights reserved.Company Logo2009年1月7日，“纪念中美建交30周年乒乓球友谊赛”在北京国家体育总局大厅举行。中国外交部副部长王光亚与美国副国务卿内格罗蓬特一行观看比赛并合影。两国之间经过多年的疏远与对抗之后，1971年，美国乒乓球队访问中国，打开了民间交流的大门。（中新社）Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Wang Gua
4、ngya and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State John D. Negroponte pose for a group photo during the Friendship Ping-pong Match marking the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the China-U.S. diplomatic relations, at the State General Administration of Sport in Beijing, capital of China, Jan. 7, 2009. I
5、n 1971, a U.S. ping-pong team visited China after years of estrangement疏远 and antagonism 对抗 between the two countries, opening the door for the China-U.S. people-to-people contacts. (Xinhua） 完全对等翻译举例6www.art-com.co.krCopyright by ARTCOM PT All rights reserved.Company Logo2) 部分对等是指英语中的有些词在词义上仅有部分与汉语的
6、词义对应。2.1 有的英语词语词义大于汉语的词义。如：uncle: 叔父、伯父、舅父、姑父、姨夫; sister: 姐姐、妹妹 attend school 上学; attend a meeting 开会; attend a wedding 参加婚礼carry: 搬、运、提、送、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、断、举、夹、捧cut: 切、割、削、凿、砍、剪、裁、截、刺穿、刺痛、删节、开辟fry: 煎、炒、炸、爆、爆炒send: 送、寄、发送、派遣、打发 7www.art-com.co.krCopyright by ARTCOM PT All rights reserved.Company Log
7、o2.2 有的英语词语词义小于汉语的词义。如：主人: master, host, owner, housemaster, Goodman下: below, descend, down, give birth to, go to, leave off, lower, next, take拿: fetch, hold, seize, take行：go, walk, travel; circulate; behavior, conduct; capable, competent 如：“神州行，我看行”China Talent, I find it competent!8www.art-com.co.
8、krCopyright by ARTCOM PT All rights reserved.Company Logo“收拾”：外研社汉英双语现代汉语词典2002年11月第一版中，翻译为： put in order; tidy; clear away (意思是：整顿、整理）repair; mend (意思是：修理） teach a lesson; settle with; punish (意思是：整治） eliminate (意思是：消灭、杀死）；此外，外研社汉英词典1995年修订版中，有“get things ready, pack”的翻译。部分对等翻译举例如果把“收拾”一词放在上下文中，该如何
9、选词翻译，就需要译者从上下问的搭配关系中去寻找线索，从而正确地表达它在句中的意义。见下页示例。9www.art-com.co.krCopyright by ARTCOM PT All rights reserved.Company Logo如何翻译： 南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。（吴敬梓儒林外史）The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to invitegood luck by going to the kitchen on the third day and cooking a f
10、ish, which stands for fortune.(杨宪益、戴乃迪译) 10www.art-com.co.krCopyright by ARTCOM PT All rights reserved.Company Logo put in order; tidy; clear away (意思是：整顿、整理） repair; mend (意思是：修理） teach a lesson; settle with; punish (意思是：整治） eliminate (意思是：消灭、杀死）；此外，外研社汉英词典1995年修订版中，有： “get things ready, pack”的翻译。方
11、框中的解释中，很难找到一个适合“收拾一样菜”中“收拾”这两个字的准确翻译，而根据上下文的语义，可以理解，这里“收拾”的意思是“烹制、烧制” 。理解之后，就可以选择“cook”来翻译。从11www.art-com.co.krCopyright by ARTCOM PT All rights reserved.Company Logo3) 无对等(词义空缺）无对等是指英语和汉语中分别都有一些各自所特有的词汇。造成这一现象的原因是多方面的。主要是由于宗教信仰、历史文化、生活习俗、生活经历、地理特征等的不同而造成。如汉语中的“阴、阳、三伏、惊蛰、天干、地支、叩头、武术、功夫、馄饨、牌坊、秧歌、炕、亩、
12、斤、两”等在英语中很难找到意义对等的词汇。同样，英语中的某些词在汉语中也很难找到对等的词语，往往需要通过解释来理解，如:bingo 一种赌赌博游戏戏, banawa 一种帆船等。12www.art-com.co.krCopyright by ARTCOM PT All rights reserved.Company LogoThe meaning of Yin-Yang （阴阳的含义）This Simbol (Yin-Yang) represents the ancient Chinese understanding of how things work. The outer circle r
13、epresents “every- thing“, while the black and white shapes within the circle represent the inter- action of two energies, called “yin“ (black) and “yang“ (white), which cause everything to happen. They are not completely black or white, just as things in life are not completely black or white, and t
14、hey cannot exist without each other. While “yin“ would be dark, passive, downward, cold, contracting, and weak, “yang“ would be bright, active, upward, hot, expanding, and strong. The shape of the yin and yang sections of the symbol, actually gives you a sense of the continual movement of these two
15、energies, yin to yang and yang to yin, causing everything to happen: just as things expand and contract, and temperature changes from hot to cold.无对等翻译举例13www.art-com.co.krCopyright by ARTCOM PT All rights reserved.Company Logo因此，对无对等的翻译选词，一般采用下列方法：1）采用拼音法。如：叩头（kow tow)、功夫(kongfu)、馄饨 (wonton)、秧歌 (yangko; 扭秧歌 do the yangko)、炕 (kang)、亩 (mu)、斤 (jin)、两 (liang)、阴（yin)、阳(yang)、武术 (wushu, 或 martial art) 等。2) 通过解释的方法。如：三伏 (the three periods of the hot season; 三伏天 dog days; 中伏the second of the three ten-dayperiod of the hot season)、惊蛰 (the Waking of Insects)等。3) 通过英语词语组合翻译法。如：天干(the heavenly stem
