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1、Firms in Competitive Markets竞争市场中的企业Chapter 14Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.WHAT IS A COMPETITIVE MARKET? uA perfectly competitive market has the following characteristics:uThere are many buyers and sellers in the market.uThe goods offered by the various sell
2、ers are largely the same.uFirms can freely enter or exit the market.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.什么是竞争市场？u完全竞争市场有以下特点 :u市场中有许多买者和许多卖者。u各个卖者所提供的物品大体上是相同的。u企业可以自由地进入或退出市场。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.WHAT IS A COMPETIT
3、IVE MARKET?uAs a result of its characteristics, the perfectly competitive market has the following outcomes:uThe actions of any single buyer or seller in the market have a negligible impact on the market price.uEach buyer and seller takes the market price as given. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived i
4、tems copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.什么是竞争市场？u由于以上特点, 完全竞争市场 具有以下 结果:u市场上任何一个买者或卖者的行动对 市场价格的影响都可以忽略不计。u每一个买者和卖者都把市场价格作为 既定的。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.WHAT IS A COMPETITIVE MARKET?nA competitive market has many buyers and sellers trading identical products
5、 so that each buyer and seller is a price taker.Buyers and sellers must accept the price determined by the market.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.什么是竞争市场?n竞争市场有许多买者和卖者交易相同 的产品，所以每个买者和卖者都是价 格接受者。买者和卖者必须接受市场决定的价 格。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright
6、2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Revenue of a Competitive Firm竞争企业的收益Total revenue for a firm is the selling price times the quantity sold.一个企业的总收益等于销售价格乘 以销售量。TR = (P X Q)Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Revenue of a Competitive Firm竞争企业的收益Total revenue is proport
7、ional to the amount of output.总收益与产量同比例变化。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Revenue of a Competitive FirmnAverage revenue tells us how much revenue a firm receives for the typical unit sold.nAverage revenue is total revenue divided by the quantity sold.Harcou
8、rt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.竞争企业的收益n平均收益 告诉我们企业从普通 一个单位产品销售中得到了多少 收益。n平均收益等于总收益除以销售量。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Revenue of a Competitive FirmIn perfect competition, average revenue equals the price of the good.Harco
9、urt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.竞争企业的收益在完全竞争市场, 平均收益 等于物品的价格。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Revenue of a Competitive Firm竞争企业的收益Marginal revenue is the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold.边际收益是增加一个单位销售量 所引
10、起的总收益变化。MR =TR/ QHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Revenue of a Competitive Firm竞争企业的收益For competitive firms, marginal revenue equals the price of the good.对竞争企业来说，边际收益等于物品的销售价格。Table 1 Total, Average, and Marginal Revenue for a Competitive FirmHarcourt, Inc.
11、 items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.表1. 竞争企业的总收益、平均收益和边际收益Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Profit Maximization and the Competitive Firms Supply CurveuThe goal of a competitive firm is to maximize profit.uThis means that the firm will want to
12、 produce the quantity that maximizes the difference between total revenue and total cost.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.利润最大化与竞争企业的供给曲线u竞争企业的目标是利润最大化。u这就意味着企业想生产某一产量，使总收益与总成本的差最大。Table 2 Profit Maximization: A Numerical ExampleCopyright2004 South-WesternHarcou
13、rt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.表2. 利润最大化: 一个数字例子Figure 1 Profit Maximization for a Competitive FirmCopyright 2004 South-WesternQuantity0Costs and RevenueMCATCAVCMC1Q1MC2Q2The firm maximizes profit by producing the quantity at which marginal cost equals marginal reve
14、nue.QMAXP = MR1 = MR2 P = AR = MRP = AR = MRP=MR1MC图1. 竞争企业的利润最大化产量0成本 和收益ATCAVCQMAX通过生产边际成本等于 边际收益的产量，企业 使利润最大化MC1Q1MC2Q2Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Profit Maximization for the Competitive Firm竞争企业的利润最大化Profit maximization occurs at the quantity where marg
15、inal revenue equals marginal cost.当边际收益等于边际成本时，企业 实现利润最大化。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Profit Maximization for the Competitive FirmWhen MR MC increase QWhen MR MC 时，增加产量 Q当 MR AVC, firm will continue to produce in the short run.If P ATC, the firm will contin
16、ue to produce at a profit.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.图3. 竞争企业的短期供给曲线产量ATCAVC0成本MC如果 P AVC, 短期内继续生产如果 P ATC, 继续生产可以 获得利润企业短期供给曲线Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Firms Short-Run Decision to Shut down企业的短期停止营业决策The portion of the marginal-cost curve that lies above average variable cost is the competitive f
