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1、第一节 最简单的有机化合物甲烷第三章 有机化合物 第一课时Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.生活中的有机物Evaluation only.Evaluation only. C
2、reated with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.一、有机物一、有机物什么叫有机物？它有哪些组成元素？1、定义：含有碳元素的化合物为有机物。（ 但碳的氧化物、碳酸、碳酸盐、 碳的金属化合物等看作无机物。）Evaluation only.Evaluation
3、only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.2、组成元素： 碳、氢、氧、氮、硫、磷、卤素等主要元素其他元素Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .N
4、ET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.仅含碳和氢两种元素的有机物，称为碳氢化合物，也称为烃。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with
5、Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.下列物质属于烃的是？CH4 CH3Cl CH3OH H2S C2H2 CH2Cl2 C2H5OH CO2 金刚石 CH3COOH思考Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspo
6、se.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.一 甲烷的组成和结构甲烷的分子式: CH4电子式结构式HHHCH CHHHHEvaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Pr
7、ofile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.球棍模型比例模型经过科学实验证明甲烷分子的结构是 正四面体结构，碳原子位于正四面体 的中心，4个氢原子分别位于正四面体 的4个顶点上。其中，4个C-H键的长 度和强度相同，夹角相等。甲烷的立体结构Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.S
8、lides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.二、甲烷的物理性质：通常情况下，甲烷是一种没有 颜色、没有气味的气体密度是0.717g/L（标准状况）甲烷极难溶于水Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .N
9、ET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.甲烷在自然界中 的存在：池沼的底 部(沼气)，油田气 和煤矿坑道(坑气、 瓦斯)，天然气(一 般含CH4 80 97 )，可燃冰等。甲烷的存在Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .
10、NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.推测CH4化学性质：CH4有一定的还原性，可被氧化Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 200
11、4-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.甲烷不能与KMnO4溶液、溴水等强氧 化剂反应现象：对强氧化剂的稳定性溶液颜色没有变化。结论：实验甲烷溴水甲烷KMnO4溶液Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 A
12、spose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.2、化学性质（1）甲烷的氧化反应（燃烧）CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O点燃现象：淡蓝色火焰，放出大量的热。甲烷的燃烧 利用此性质，甲烷可作燃料实验：CH4在空气中易燃烧，甚至可以引起爆炸。有机反应方程式中用 “”不用“”Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5
13、Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.（2）甲烷与氯气的反应现象： 量筒中淡黄绿色消失，内壁有油状液体,量筒内的液面上升。实验：甲烷与氯气在光 照条件下的反应Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Pro
14、file 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.【思考讨论】1、为什么气体颜色会变浅甚至褪去、有油滴出现？2 、为什么量筒中的液面上升？3 、甲烷和氯气反应会有哪些键发生断裂和形成？4、二氯甲烷有几种？结论：1、甲烷与氯气发生取代反应2、生成氯化氢极易溶于水，气体体积减 小，压强减小。3、碳氢键断裂、氯氯键断裂4、二氯甲烷只有一种Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 C
15、lient Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.HH C ClHHH C HH+ Cl Cl光+ H ClHCl C ClHHCl C HH+ Cl Cl光+ H Cl（3）甲烷的取代反应有机化学重要反应类型之一有机物分子里的某些原子或原子团被其他 原子或原子团所代替的反应,叫取代反应.Evaluation only.Evaluati
16、on only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl光CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl光CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl光CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl光一氯甲烷（无色气体）二氯甲烷（难溶于水的无色液体）三氯甲烷又叫氯仿 （有机溶剂）四氯甲烷又叫四氯化碳（有机溶剂、灭火剂）甲烷还能与其它
