《高中化学必修一四非金属及其化合物》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高中化学必修一四非金属及其化合物（39页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、第四章 非金属及其化合物第一节无机非金属材料的主角硅Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.氧48.6%硅26.3%铝7.73%铁4.75%钙3.45%钠2.74% 钾2.47%镁
2、2.00%氢0.16%其他 1.20%Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.硅在地壳中含量第二，硅的氧化物 及硅酸盐约占地壳质量的90%以上硅的存在与分布：没有游离态，只有化合态
3、(因为它是亲氧元素）；自然界中分布广泛，是构成矿物和岩石的基本元素。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.从原子结构认识硅Evaluation only.Evaluation o
4、nly. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.硅和碳一样,其原子既不易失去电子，也不 易得到电子，所以硅的化学性质不活泼, 主要形成四价化合物例如SiO2和H2SiO3 。CSi碳是构成有机物 的主要元素硅是构成岩石和许 多矿物的主要元素从原
5、子结构认识硅Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.天然水晶Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides
6、for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.天然玛瑙Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for
7、 .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.天 然 的 SiO2 硅 石有结晶形（石英晶体）无定形硅藻土水晶玛瑙一、二氧化硅和硅酸 1、二氧化硅（ SiO2 ）(1)存在Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3
8、.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.（2） 二氧化硅的用途：石英制品Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose
9、Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.现代通信用光缆光学纤维胃镜用光导纤维做 无开刀手术光导纤维手术头灯Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pt
10、y Ltd.思考与交流根据SiO2的存在和应用， 分析：SiO2有哪些物理性质？物理性质：熔点高，硬度大，不溶于水Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.( (一一) )、SiOS
11、iO2 2的化学性质（很不活泼）的化学性质（很不活泼）高温高温1. 1. 具有酸性氧化物的通性具有酸性氧化物的通性SiOSiO2 2 CaO = CaO =CaSiOCaSiO3 3与强碱反应生成盐和水与强碱反应生成盐和水SiO SiO2 2 2NaOH = 2NaOH = NaNa2 2SiOSiO3 3HH2 2OO 硅酸钠硅酸钠 与碱性氧化物反应生成盐与碱性氧化物反应生成盐（有粘性）Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created
12、with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.实验室盛装NaOH溶液的试剂瓶为什 么用橡胶塞而不用玻璃塞？NaOH溶液能与玻璃中的 SiO2反应生成Na2SiO3，使 瓶塞部分粘结而无法打开。 因此盛装NaOH溶液的试剂 瓶不能用玻璃塞而要用橡胶 塞。想一想Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET
13、 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.2 2、特性特性：只能只能与酸中的与酸中的氢氟酸HFHF反应反应SiOSiO2 2 4HF = 4HF = SiFSiF4 4 2H2H2 2OO此反应常用于雕刻玻璃此反应常用于雕刻玻璃 1 1、SiOSiO2 2既可与碱反应既可与碱反应, ,也能与也能与氢氟 酸反应, Si
14、OSiO2 2是不是是不是两性氧化物两性氧化物 ？ 想一想2、实验室为什么不用玻璃瓶盛装氢氟酸？HF能腐蚀玻璃，因此，盛装氢氟酸不能用玻 璃试剂瓶而要用塑料瓶。?Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspo
15、se Pty Ltd.SiO2 + 2CSiO2 + 2Mg高温高温3、在高温下能与还原剂反应Si + 2COSi+ 2MgO可利用这个反应制粗硅思考：在这两个反应中二氧 化硅作什么作用？Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2
16、004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.二氧化碳 CO2二氧化硅 SiO2状 态 气 态 固 态 熔沸点很低熔点高，硬度大 水 溶 性 微溶于水不溶于水 化 学 性 质与水反应 与碱反应与碱性氧 化物反应与 酸用 途人工降雨，灭火,饮料等P75, 图45CO2 + H2O = H2CO3CO2+2NaOH=Na2CO3+H2OCO2+Na2O=Na2CO3CO2+CaO=CaCO3不 能SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O 能与氢氟酸反应SiOSiO2 2 CaO = CaO =CaSiOCaSiO3 3高温高温Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Cl
