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1、一、句子结构高中英语语法专项讲座 （ 句 法 ） 一、句子成分 句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成 部分，句子成分供有六种： 1、主语(subject)是一个句子的主体，是全句述说的对象 ，常用名词、代词或相当于名词的词担任，一般置于 句首。例如： The sun is shining in our face. I respect him. 2、谓语或谓语动词 (predicate / predicate verb)是说明主 语的动作或状态的，常用动词担任，置于主语之后。 例如： The play began at eight, so they must have dinner at seven
2、. They are sitting there, listening to the teacher carefully. 3、宾语(object)是表示及物动词的动作对象和介词所 联系的对象，常由 名词、代词或相当于名词的词担任 ，置于及物动词或介词之后。如， I received an invitation yesterday, but I didnt want to accept it. Instead of going to Beijing for her holiday, she went to Haina. 4、定语(attributive)是限定或修饰名词或相当于名词的 词的，常
3、由形容词或相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。 根据与所修饰的词之间的位置关系可分为前置定语和后 置定语。例如： John had a great desire to travel. Children living by the sea usually begin to swim at an early age. The golden watch which had been passed down from his grandfathers grandfather was lost yesterday. 5、状语(adverbial)是修饰动词 ，副词，形容词或整个 句子的，常由副词或相当于副词的
4、短语或从句担任， 修饰动词时 ，可置于动词之前，亦可置于动词之后； 修饰形容词或副词时，常置于它们之前。例如： Tom did badly on exam. He gets up at five every morning. The book is well worth reading. Generally speaking, it is not easy to learn English. He ran up to her breathing heavily. 二、句子基本结构 I. 句子是具有主语部分和谓语部分并有完整意义的可 以独立的一组词。在英语里，句子的基本结构有以下 五种： 1、主
5、语谓语(S. + vi.) The bell rang. 2、主语谓语宾语(S. + Vt. + O.) He made a study plan. 3、主语连系动词表语(S. +link V. +P.) She is lovely. 4、主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语(S. + Vt. + O2+O1) He told us the whole story. 5、主语谓语宾语宾语补足语(S.+Vt.+O+O.C) I found him doing his homework. II. 根据句子的基本结构，可把句子分为_, _和_. 简单句并列句复合句 1)简单句(simple sentence),
6、一个含有主语或并列主语和谓 语或并列谓语的句子。如： Thomas Edison was born in Mila, Ohio,on February 11, 1847. Fire and water dont agree.(水火不相容) Tom came into the classroom and sat down. 2)并列句(compound sentence),由并列连词把两个或两个 以上的简单句(叫做分句)连接成的句子。如： I came home early, but she remained to the end of the concert. The boys are pla
7、ying table tennis and the girls are doing rope skipping. 3)复合句(complex sentence)是由主句和一个个从句构成 的。如： He said he would come in the evening. He went into the cave though it was very dark.That the earth is round is known to us all.宾语从句 状语从句主语从句 III.根据句子的目的和用途，可把句子分为_, _, _ 和_。 1、陈述句 (declarative sentence)
8、 凡是说明一件事，提出 一种看法，表示一种心情的句子都是陈述句。如： The sun rises in the east. She is eager to meet him. I want to know why he is absent. 2、疑问句 (interrogative sentence)是提问题的句子。可 分为_, _, _, _,_等。 1)一般疑问句 有些问题只需要回答“对”或“不对”(也就是 yes或no)，不要求回答者提供什麽特别的情况，这就是 一般疑问句(有人称之为yes-no questions)。回答一般疑 问句时，首先要用_或_来回答，然后用主语 和_, _ 或_
9、组成一个 句子就行了。陈述句 疑问句祈使句感叹句一般疑问句特殊疑问句反意疑问句选择疑问句否定疑问句yesno助动词系动词情态动词 Did you see any of them there? Yes, I did. No, I didnt. Is she a student? Yes, she is. No, she isnt. Can you swim? Yes, he can. No, he cant. 2)特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句相当于汉语的“谁？”“什么？” 等。这一类问句是问事情的某一方面的。它一般由以下 的疑问代词或疑问副词开头。 疑问代词 疑问副词who (whom, whose)
10、, what, which.when , where, how, why.1. Who wrote Midnight? 2. Whose umbrella is this?3. What are you discussing? 4. How heavy is this box?5. Which novel do you like best? 5. How do you like the film?注：1、特殊疑问句需要疑问语序即：疑问词助动词/连系动 词/情态动词主语谓语动词。疑问代词作主语时则不产生主 语和助动词倒置问题。2、what 和which既可以做主语，又可以做定语，放在名词前。Wh
11、at lessons did you have this morning? Which class are you in? 3、who, what, which可以指一个人或物，也可以指两个以上的人 或物；换言之，作单数或复数用都行。4、which是在一定范围内挑选；而what 则没有范围。比较： What / Which novel do you like ? 5、how既可以单独使用意思是“怎样”、“如何”，友可以和 其它副词或形容词配合使用意思是“多少”、“有多” 如 ：how often / how long / how heavy / how much etc. 3)反意疑问句 在一
12、个陈述句之后加上一个意义与 之相反的小问句由助动词/情态动词/连系动词和代词 构成，这个小问句或附加问句就叫做反意疑问 句。如： 1. He works hard at his lessons, doesnt he? 2. You have completed that job, havent you? 3. Zhang didnt hand in his exercises in time, did he? 4. She cant sing any Beijing opera, can she?注：1、反意疑问句附在陈述句之后，对陈述句所说的事实和观点 提出疑问。2、一般说来有两种形式：陈述句肯定，则所附问句否 定；陈述句否定，则所附问句肯定。3、反意疑问句一般不需要回答。如需要回答，则和一般疑问句 回答方式一样。根据事实回答：肯定答复用yes,否定答复用no.4)选择疑问句 问题里包括两个或更多的可能，让被问的人选择 一个，叫做选择疑问句。例如：Would you like tea or coffee
