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1、TIDAL ENERGYTECHNOLOGY BRIEFIRENA Ocean Energy Technology Brief 3June 2014www.irena.orgInternational Renewable Energy AgencyIRENACopyright (c) IRENA 2014 Unless otherwise indicated, material in this publication may be used freely, shared or reprinted, so long as IRENA is acknowledged as the source.A
2、BOUT IRENAThe International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, techno
3、logy, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy securit
4、y and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe brief has benefited from the participants of two review meetings on 21 January 2014 in Abu Dhabi, and 11 April 2014 in Brussels. Furthermore, very valuable feedback and comments have been received from (in alphabetical order) Franc
5、e Energies Marine, Jared Goldsmitt (DNV GL), Vincent de Laleu (EDF Energy), Davide Magagna (EC), Alice Monnet (GDF Suez), Dee Nunn (RenewableUK), Sandra Parthie (Alstom), Matthijs Soede (EC), Luis Villate (Technalia), Jochen Weilepp (Hochschule Biberach), Miles Willis (Swansea University), and Ana N
6、ovak Zdravkovic (Laborelec, GDF Suez).Authors: Ruud Kempener (IRENA), Frank Neumann (IMIEU)For further information or to provide feedback, please contact: Ruud Kempener, IRENA Innovation and Technology Centre. E-mail: RKempenerirena.org or secretariatirena.org.DisclaimerWhile this publication promot
7、es the adoption and use of renewable energy, the International Renewable Energy Agency does not endorse any particular project, product or service provider. The designations employed and the presentation of materials herein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Int
8、ernational Renewable Energy Agency concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.3Tidal Energy | Technology BriefHighlights Process and Technology Status There are three categories of tidal ene
9、rgy technologies. Tidal range technologies use a barrage a dam or other barrier to harvest power from the height difference between high and low tide. The power is generated through tidal turbines (most of them come from hydropower design, such as bulb turbines) located in the bar- rage, and their c
10、ommercial feasibility has been well established through the operation of plants in France (240 Megawatts (MW), Canada (20 MW), China (5 MW) and Russia (0.4 MW) from the 1960s and 1970s. In 2011/2012, South Korea opened the largest and newest tidal barrage (254 MW). New technologies developed for tid
11、al range power generation are tidal lagoons, tidal reefs, and tidal fences, and low-head tidal barrages.The second category are tidal current or tidal stream technologies. More than 40 new devices have been introduced between the period 2006- 2013. The major variance among the devices are the turbin
12、es, which can be based on a vertical or horizontal axis, and which are in some cases enclosed (ducted). Full-scale deployment of single turbines have been achieved, and the next step is the demonstration of arrays of turbines (Energy Tech- nologies Institute (ETI)/ UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC),
13、 2014). Up to 2010, the industry was dominated by small entrepreneurial companies, but in the last three years large engineering firms and turbine manufacturers like ABB, Alstom, Andritz Hydro, DCNS, Hyundai Heavy Industries, Kawa- saki Heavy Industries, Siemens, and Voith Hydro have entered the mar
14、ket. Furthermore, companies like General Electric (GE) have shown an interest and are supplying the electrical power systems for some of the prototypes. Furthermore, large utilities like Bord Gis Energy, lectricit de France (EDF), GDF Suez, and Iberdrola are running demonstration projects.Some tidal
15、 current or tidal stream technologies are also used to harvest ocean currents. Compared to tidal currents, ocean currents are unidirec- tional and generally slower but more continuous. Ocean current technolo- gies are in an early developmental stage, and no full-scale prototype has been tested or de
16、monstrated yet.The final category are hybrid applications. Hybrid forms of tidal range have great potential if their design and deployment can be combined with the planning and design of new infrastructure for coastal zones. Project pro-4Tidal Energy | Technology Briefposals for hybrid applications exist in Canada (British Columbia), China, the Netherlands (Grevelingen), Norway (E39 road project) and the UK (Bristol Channel). Furth
