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1、Chapter 3(构词法)n3.1 General Remark 概述n3.2 Compounding 复合构词法n3.3 Derivation 派生构词法3.3.1 Prefixation 加前缀3.3.2 Suffixation 加后缀n3.4 Conversion 词类转换法The differences between “root”, “stem” and “base”?nRoot/ 词根: is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphologynStem/ 词干: t
2、he part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.nBase/ 词基: any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.undesirables = un + desire + able + snBase: desirable desire (base)undesirable desirable (base)undesirables undesirable (base)nBase/词基: any form to whi
3、ch affixes of any kind can be added.2) denationalized denationalized = de + nation + al + ize + dnRoot: nationnStem: denationalizenBase: national nationnationalize nationaldenationalize nationalizedenationalized denationalizendesirable: desire (root or base, not stem)nundesirable: desirable (base, n
4、ot root, not stem)nundesirables: undesirable (stem or base, not root)ndesired: desire (root, stem or base)3.2 Compounding 复合构词法Questions:n1. What is compounding?n2. What are the relative criteria of a compound?n3. The classification of compounding?What is compounding?nCompounding / composition: a wo
5、rd- formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.e.g.flowerpot= flower + potmachine-independent= machine + independent backThe relative criteria of a compound1. Orthographic criterion: Compounds are written in three ways, that is, solid, hyphenated and open. E.g. flow
6、erpotn Solid: flowerpotn Hyphenated: flower-potn Open: flower potn2. Phonological criterion:Compound accent: a main stress on the first element and secondary stress on the second element.Normal phrase accent: a secondary stress on the first element and the main stress on the second element. E.g.blac
7、k listblackboardblue bottlen3. Semantic criterion:Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts.E.g. E.g.nflowerpotnworkday nbackyardNote: we can infer the meaning from the meaning of its component
8、parts nred tape(官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程 序)ndog days（the hottest day of the year）nflatfoot(a policeman)nblue blood(the quality of being a nobleman by birth)nblue ribbon(an honor given to the winner of the first prize) Note: we cannot infer the meaning from the meaning of its component parts backThe classificat
9、ion of compounding?Compounds are classified according to parts of speech of the compounds and subdivided by the syntactic relation of the compounding element. a. Parts of speech n1. n. compoundsn2. adj. compoundsn3. v. compoundsb. Syntactic relationnsubject and verb 主谓关 系nverb and adverbial 动宾 关系nve
10、rb and adverbial 谓状 关系nrestrictive relation 限制关 系ncoordinating relationship 并列关系nthunder-struck (houses)houses are struck by thunder / thunder struck the houses nwell-behaved (person)The person behave himself well. npeace loving peoplepeople love peacenan ocean-going (ship)A ship go across ocean.nAp
11、art from caring for her children, she has to take on such heavy _ house work as carrying water and firewood.A. time-consumed B. timely-consumedC. time-consumingD. timely-consuming答案：Cn风蚀岩石weather-beaten rocksn日晒的健康肤色suntanned (skin)n吹毛求疵的人a fault-finding personn破纪录的速度a record-breaking speedn免税的tax-f
12、reen无忧无虑的care-freen防火的fire-proofn隔音的sound-proofn滴水不漏的water-tightn密封的，不漏气的air-tightn没膝深的knee-deepn齐肩高的shoulder-highn终身的lifelongn晶莹剔透的Crycle-clearn苦乐参半的bittersweetn谈论的话题talked-about topicn杜撰的故事made-up storyn24小时看守round-the-clock watchn作现场勘查make an on the sop inspection3.3 Derivation 派生构词法Questions:n1.
13、 What is derivation?n2. What is combining form? And what difference between a combining form and an affix?n3. The classification of derivation.backnDerivation / affixation: a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already exi
14、sting word.e.g.recover = re + coverworker= work + erbackA combining form构词成分: a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek, but which now occurs only in derivatives.e.g. autobiography hydromechanics televisionnautobiographyauto- = autos (Gk) = selfself + life + writeautoalarm
15、 autocracy (auto + alarm) (auto + cracy)(self + to + weapon) (self + ruling )nhydromechanicshydro- = hydr (Gk) = waterhydro-airplane hydrography dehydrate hydrogenntelevisiontele- = tele (Gk) = far offtelecontrol telephone nCombining forms are distinguished from affixes by their ability to occur as one constituent of a word whose only other constituent is an affix. e.g. autocracy hydrography telephoneautocracy = auto 构词成分 + cracy (suffix)hydrography = hydro 构词成分 + graphy (suffix)telephone = tele 构词成分 + phone (suffix)nFrom the point of view of derivation, no distinction should be mad
