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1、智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福听力TPO14原文 Lecture 1-智课教育旗下智课教育下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO14原文中Lecture 1 的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时， 大家也可以登录智课教育论坛进行TPO练习辅导，希望能够给准备托福 听力的同学带来帮助。 TPO 14 Lecture 1 Psychology Professor：Weve said that the term “Cognition” refers to mental states like: knowing and believing, and to menta
2、l processes that we use to arrive at those states. So for example, reasoning is a cognitive process, so its perception. We use information that we perceive through our senses to help us make decisions to arrive at beliefs and so on. And then there are memory and imagination which relate to the knowl
3、edge of things that happen in the past and may happen in the future. So perceiving,remembering, imagining are all internal mental processes that lead to knowing or believing. Yet, each of these processes has limitations, and can lead us to hold mistaken believes or make false predictions. Take memor
4、y for example, maybe you have heard of studies in which people hear a list of related words. Ah, lets say a list of different kinds of fruit. After hearing this list, they are presented with several additional words. In this case, well say the additional words were “blanket” and “cheery”. Neither of
5、 these words was on the original list, and, well, people will claim correctly that “blanket” was not on the original list, theyll also claim incorrectly that the word “cheery” was on the list. Most people are convinced they heard the word “cheery” on the original list. Why do they make such a simple
6、 mistake? Well, we think because the words on the list were so closely related, the brain stored only the gist of what they heard.For example, that all the items on the list were types of the fruit. When we tap our memory, our brains often fill in details and quite often these details are actually f
7、alse. We also see this “fill-in” phenomenon with perception.Perception is the faculty that allows us to process information in the present as we take it via our senses. Again, studies have shown that people will fill in information that they thought they perceived even when they didnt. For example,
8、experiments have been done where a person hears a sentence, but it is missing the word, that logically completes it. Theyll claim to hear that word even though it was never said.So if I were to sayerthe sunrise is in theand then fill to complete the sentence,people will often claim to have heard the
9、 word “east”.In cognitive psychology, we have a phrase for this kind of inaccurate “filling in of details”- its called: A Blind Spot. The term originally refers to the place in our eyes where the optic nerve connects the back of the eye to the brain. There are no photo receptors in the area where th
10、e nerve connects to the eye. So that particular area of the eye is incapable of detecting images. It produces “A Blind Spot” in our field vision.We are unaware of it, because the brain fills in what it thinks belongs in its image, so the picture always appears complete to us. But the term “blind spo
11、t” has also taken on a more general meaning- it refers to people being unaware of a bias that may affect their judgment about the subject. And the same “blind-spot phenomenon” that affects memory and perception also affects imagination. Imagination is a faculty that some people use to anticipate fut
12、ure events in their lives. But the ease with which we imagine details can lead to unrealistic expectations and can bias our decisions. SoerPeter, suppose I ask you to image a lunch salad, no problem, right? But I bet you imagine specific ingredients. Did yours have tomatoes, Onion, Lettuce? mine did
13、? Our brains fill inall sorts of details that might not be part of other peoples image of a salad, which could lead to disappointment for us. If the next time we order a salad in a restaurant, we have our imagined salad in mind, thats not necessarily what well get on our plate. The problem is not th
14、at we imagine things, but that we assume what weve imagined is accurate. We should be aware that our imagination has this built-in feature, the blind spot, which makes our predictions fall short of reality. 心理学 教授：我们已经说过，“认知力”指的是这样的精神状态：熟悉某 事并相信它确实存在，精神层面上我们曾经达到这样的状态。所以，比 如说，推理是一种认知过程，这就是认识能力。我们通过感官
15、获得信息 ，帮助我们做出决定抵达信念的彼岸等等。然后，我们还有记忆力和想 象力，这些都跟过去发生过的或未来可能发生的背景知识相关。因此， 认识能力，记忆力和想象力，这些都是引导我们熟悉某事物并相信其存 在的内在精神过程。然而，每一个过程都有其局限性，可能会让我们产 生错误的新年或做出错误的预测。比如记忆力，也许你们听过这样的一 次研究，研究中人们听一列相关单词。啊，就说一列不同种类的水果类 单词。在听了单词后，他们会说出一些附加的词汇。在这种情况下，我 们会说到的附加的单词是“blanket 毛毯”和“cheery 快乐的”。这些词都没有在原先的单词表上出现过，而且，嗯，人们会准确的 说到，“
16、blanket”没有在原单词表上，他们也会错误得认为“cheery ”就有在单词表上。大部分人确信他们听到了“cheery”这个单词。为 什么他们会犯这么简单的错误呢?我们认为原因是单词表上的单词都很 相关。大脑会将我们听到的主旨信息储存起来。比如说，所有的单词表 上的单词都是各种水果。当我们回忆的时候，大脑经常会填补记忆的细 节，而很多时候这些细节实际上是错误的。我们也是通过认知能力捕获 这些“填补”的现象。认知能力是一种通过我们的感官允许我们在当下 处理信息的能力。研究在一次表明，大脑会填补一些他们没有获得而自 己以为获得了的信息。比如说，在某些实验中，参加测试的人听到了一 个句子，但没有捕捉到逻辑连接词。他们会说听到了这个词，尽管根本 就没有这个词。所以如果我说，额，太阳从升起，然后让大家填补完整句子，他们经常会说自己听到了“东边”这个词。该术语原本指的 是我们眼睛里的某一部位，该部位的视神经将眼睛的背部链接到我们的 大脑。在神经连接眼睛的区域没有光感受器，所以眼睛的这一部位不能 够检测到图像。这就使得我们的视野中出现“盲点”。
