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1、1戴炜栋简明英语语言学教程配套笔记戴炜栋简明英语语言学教程配套笔记ChapterChapterChapterChapter1 1 11WhatWhatWhatWhatis is isislanguage?language?language?language?AAAATheTheTheTheoriginsoriginsoriginsoriginsofofofoflanguagelanguagelanguagelanguageSomeSomeSomeSomespeculationsspeculationsspeculationsspeculationsofofofofthethethetheori
2、ginsoriginsoriginsoriginsofofofoflanguage:language:language:language: TheTheTheThedivinedivinedivinedivinesourcesourcesourcesourceThe basic hypothesis: if infants were allowed to grow up withouthearinganylanguage,thentheywould spontaneouslybeginusingtheoriginalgod-given language. Actually, children
3、living without access to human speech in their early years grow up with no language at all. TheTheTheThenatural-soundnatural-soundnatural-soundnatural-soundsourcesourcesourcesourceThe bow-wow theory: the suggestion is that primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which early
4、men and women heard around them. The “Yo-heave-ho” theory: the sounds produced by humans when exerting physical effort, especially when co-operating with other humans, may be the origins of speech sounds. Onomatopoeic sounds TheTheTheTheoral-gestureoral-gestureoral-gestureoral-gesturesourcesourcesou
5、rcesourceIt is claimed that originally a set of physical gestures was developed as a means of communication. The patterns of movement in articulation would be the same as gestural movement; hence waving tongue would develop from waving hand. GlossogeneticsGlossogeneticsGlossogeneticsGlossogenetics（言
6、语遗传学）（言语遗传学） This focuses mainly on the biological basis of the formation and development of human language. Physiologicaladaptationdevelopnaming abilityinteractions and transactions Physical adaptation: Human teeth are upright and roughly even in height. Human lips have intricate muscle interlacing
7、, thus making them very flexible. The human mouth is small and contains a very flexible tongue. The human larynx is lowered, creating a longer cavity called the pharynx, and making it easier for the human to choke on the pieces of food, but making the sound speech possible. The human brain is latera
8、lized. Those analytic functions (tool-using and language) are largely confined to the left hemisphere of the brain for most humans. TwoTwoTwoTwomajormajormajormajorfunctionsfunctionsfunctionsfunctionsofofofoflanguage:language:language:language:Interactional: a social function of language. Transactio
9、nal: a function involving the communicationof knowledge and information BBBBTheTheTheThepropertiespropertiespropertiespropertiesofofofoflanguagelanguagelanguagelanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. a) System: combined together according to rules b) Arb
10、itrary: no intrinsic connection between the word “pen” and the thing in the world which it refers to c)Vocal:the primary medium is sound for all languages d) Human: language is human-specific（交际性与信息 性） CommunicativeCommunicativeCommunicativeCommunicativevs.vs.vs.vs.Informative:Informative:Informativ
11、e:Informative:Communicative:intentionallyusinglanguageto communicate something Informative: through/via a number of signals that are not intentionally sent Designfeatures(uniqueproperties):thedefining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication Displaceme
12、ntDisplacementDisplacementDisplacement（跨时空性，移位性）（跨时空性，移位性） Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker (refer to past and future time and to other locations) ArbitrarinessArbitrarinessArbitrarinessArbitrariness（任意性）（任意性） There is no logical or natur
13、al connection between a linguistic form (either sound or word) and its meaning. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. a)echoofthesoundsofobjectsoractivities: onomatopoeic words b) some compound words ProductivityProductivityProductivityProductivity（能产性，创造性）（能产性，创造性） La
14、nguage is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. (Creativity or open-endedness) CulturalCulturalCulturalCulturaltransitiontransitiontransitiontransition（文化传递性）（文化传递性） While human capacity for language has a genetic basis (everyone was bo
15、rn with the ability to acquire a language), the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learnt. DiscretenessDiscretenessDiscretenessDiscreteness（可分离性）（可分离性） Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. DualityDualityDualityDuality（双重结构性
16、，两重性或二元性）（双重结构性，两重性或二元性） Languageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayers simultaneously. The lower or basic level is a structure of sounds which are meaningless. The higher level is morpheme or word (double articulation) The above six properties may be taken as the core2features of human language. Vocal-auditory channel, reciprocity, specialization, non- directionality, or rapid fade, these properties are best treated as ways of describing human language
