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1、无机化合物命名KMnO4 potassium permanganatePb(ClO3)2lead（） tetrachlorate KCN potassium cyanideHClO4perchloric acidHNO3 nitric acidBaCl22H2O barium chloride dihydrateCuS copper（） sulfideNa2HPO4disodium hydrogen phosphate Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxideNH4Cl ammonium chlorideP2O5phosphorus() oxideH2O2hydrogen pero
2、xideFe2(SO3)3 iron() sulfite FeSO4 iron（）sulfate H2SO4 sulfuric acidCr2O3chromium oxideCu(NH3)4SO4 tetra ammine copper（2+） sulfate tetraammine NaB(NO3)4 sodium tetranitratoborate(1-) SiO2silicon （）dioxideHCO- 3 hydrogen carbonate KBr potassium broideMg3N2magnesium nitride CuSO4 5H2O copper() sulfate
3、 pentahydrate 有机化合物命名烷烃alkane 烯烃 alkene 炔烃 alkyne 芳烃 arene 脂肪族化合物aliphantic compound 芳香族化合物aromatic compounds 醇 alcohol 脂环族化合物alicyclic compounds 醛 aldehyde 酮 ketone 羧酸 carboxylic acid 醚 ether 酯 ester 卤代烃 halogenoalkane 胺类化合物amine compounds 腈 nitrile 氨基酸 amino acid 蛋白protein 多糖 polysaccharide 碳氢化合物h
4、ydrocarbon 酰胺类化合物amide compound 不饱和烃unsaturated hydrocarbon 邻位 ortho- 对位 par(a)- 间位 met(a)- 伯自由基primary free radical 仲碳正离子secondary caronium ion 叔碳正离子tertiary carbonium ion 碳负离子carbanion 正丙基 n-propyl 异丙基 isoprpropyl 叔丁基 t-butyl 仲丁基 sec-butyl 甲烷 methane乙烷 ethane 丙烷 propane 丁烷 butane戊烷 pentane 己烷 hexa
5、ne 庚烷 heptane辛烷 octane壬烷 nonane 癸烷 decane乙烯 ethene丙炔 propyne 丙醇 propanol 丁醛 butanal 2-戊酮 2-pentanone 2-甲基己酸2-methyl hexanoic acid 乙酸甲酯 methyl ethanoate 乙醚 ethoxyethane 乙腈 ethanonitrile 甲胺 methylamine 乙酰胺 ethanamide 环己烷 cyclohexane 苯 benzene 甲苯 methylbenzene 对二甲苯paraxylene 乙苯 ethylbenzene 苯甲酸 benzoic
6、 acid 苯乙酸 phenylacetic acid 苯基 phenyl 萘 naphthalene 蒽 anthracene 菲 phenanthrene 1-20 数 字 前 缀mono- di- tri- tetra- penta- hexa- hepta- octa- nona- deca- undeca- dodeca- trideca- tetradeca- pentadeca- hexadeca- heptadeca- octadeca- nonadeca- eicosa- 简答命名：Binary compounds(二元化合物):their names consist oft
7、wo parts. The name of the more electropositive element followed by the name of the electronegative element,which is modified to end in ide. Ternary compound （三元化合物）:the name of the positive group is given first,followed by the name of the negative ion,add the ending ite or ate to the stem of the ele
8、ment other than oxygen.Note that oxygen is not srecifically included in the name,The suffixes ite and ate represent different oxidation states of the element other than oxygen in the polyatomic ion. Salt（盐）:in binary compounds the usual “ ide” ending is given to the part of the salt name.the ternary
9、 compounds,the letters“ ous” and” ic” ending of the acids become “ ite” and” ate” ,but thenames of the stems remain the same Oxy-acid（含氧酸） :place the ending ic or ous after the stem of the element other than hydrogen and oxygen and add the word” acid” . Ester（酯） :esters are named like salts,giving t
10、hem an ate ending.The alcohol is named first,followed by the name of the acid modified to end in ate.The ic of the acid name is dropped and the letters ate are added. Ether（醚）:the names of ethers consist of the two radical groups attached to the oxygen followed by the word ” ether” . Carboxylic acid
11、（羧酸） :carboxylic acids are named by dropping the e of the parent hydrocarbon name and adding the letters oic followed by the word acid. Alkanes（烷） :Methane ,ethane ,propane ,butane.The name of the highermembers of this series consist of a numberical term,followed by “ -ane” ,with elision of terminal
12、 “ a” the numberical term. Aldehydes（醛） :aldehydes are named by dropping th e “ e” in the parent hydrocarbon name and adding the letters” al” . Ketone（酮） :1.the name includes the name of the two organic radicals attached to the ketone group,followed by the word ketone.2.ketones are named by dropping
13、 the “ e” in the parent hydrocarbon name and adding the letters “ one” . Alkenes(烯)/Alkynes（炔） : 1.select the longest carbon-carbon chair that contains the double or triple bond . 2.name this parent compound as you would an alkane but change the “-ane” ending to “-ene” for an alkene or to “-yne” for
14、 an alkyne.3.number the carbon chain of the parent compound so that the double or triple bond carries the lowest possible numbers.use the smaller of the two numbers on the doule- or triple-bonded carbon atom to indicate the position of the double or triple bond .place this number in front of the alk
15、ane or alkyne name. 4.side chains and other groups are treated as in naming alkanes.Alcohol（醇） : 1.select the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms containing the hydroxyl group. 2.Number the carbon atoms in this chain so that the one bearing the OH group has the lowest possible number. 3.Form th
16、e alcohol name by dropping the final e from the corresponding alkane name and adding ol.locate the OH group by putting the number(hyphenated) of the carbon atom to which it is attached immediately by number. 4.Name each alkyl side chain (or other group) and designate its position by number. 2.简答1.Please explain the first law of thermodynamics. First law of thermodynamics is an expression of the way the law of conservation of energy and conversion. That the first la
