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1、5 FIRM BEHAVIOR AND THE ORGANIZATION OF INDUSTRY企业行为与产业组织The Costs of roduction生产成本Chapter 13Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Market Forces of Supply and DemandnSupply and demand are the two words that economists use most often.nSupply and demand are the for
2、ces that make market economies work.nModern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.供给与需求的市场力量n供给与需求是经济学家最常用的两 个词。n供给与需求是使市场经济运行的力 量。n现代微观经济学就是研究供给、需 求与市场均衡的学科。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyrig
3、ht 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.WHAT ARE COSTS?nAccording to the Law of Supply:Firms are willing to produce and sell a greater quantity of a good when the price of the good is high.This results in a supply curve that slopes upward.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.什么是成本
4、?n根据供给规律:当一种物品价格高时，厂商愿意生产和销售的更多。这导致供给曲线向上倾斜。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.WHAT ARE COSTS?nThe Firms Objective The economic goal of the firm is to maximize profits.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.什么是成本?n企业的目标 企业的经济目标是利润最大
5、化Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Total Revenue,Total Cost,and profit总收入、总成本与利润uTotal Revenue 总收入uThe amount that the firm receives for the sale of its output.企业销售产品所得uTotal Cost 总成本uThe market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.企业用于生产的投入要素的市场价值。Harco
6、urt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.A Firms Profit 公司利润Profit is the firms total revenue minus its total cost.Profit = Total revenue - Total cost利润总收入总成本Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Costs as Opportunity CostsnA firms cost of pro
7、duction includes all the opportunity costs of making its output of goods and services.nExplicit and Implicit Costs A firms cost of production include explicit costs and implicit costs. Explicit costs are input costs that require a direct outlay of money by the firm. Implicit costs are input costs th
8、at do not require an outlay of money by the firm.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.成本是机会成本n一个企业的生产成本包括生产物品与劳 务量的所有机会成本。n显性成本和隐性成本 一个企业的生产成本包括显性成本与隐性成 本。 显性成本 要求企业直接支付货币的投入要素 成本。 隐性成本不要求企业支付货币的投入要素成 本。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcou
9、rt, Inc.Economic Profit versus Accounting ProfituEconomists measure a firms economic profit as total revenue minus all the opportunity costs (explicit and implicit).uAccountants measure the accounting profit as the firms total revenue minus only the firms explicit costs. In other words, they ignore
10、the implicit costs.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.经济利润与会计利润u经济学家计量企业的经济利润，即企业的总收益减去生产所销售物品和劳务的所有机会成本（显性的和隐性的）。u会计师计量企业的会计利润，即企业的总收益减去企业的显性成本。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit 经济利润与会计
11、利润uWhen total revenue exceeds both explicit and implicit costs, the firm earns economic profit.当总收益大于显性成本和隐性成本时，企 业赚取经济利润。uEconomic profit is smaller than accounting profit.经济利润小于会计利润。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Economic Profit versus Accounting ProfitReven
12、ueTotal opportunity costsHow an Economist Views a FirmExplicit costsEconomic profitImplicit costsExplicit costsAccounting profitHow an Accountant Views a FirmRevenueHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.经济利润与会计利润收入所有机 会成本经济学家如何看企业显性成本经济利润隐性成本显性成本会计利润会计师如何看企业收入Table 1
13、 A Production Function and Total Cost: Hungry Helens Cookie FactoryCopyright2004 South-WesternHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.表1. 生产函数和总成本：亨格瑞.海伦的糕点厂 工人数量产出劳动 的边 际产 量工厂成本工人成本投入总成 本0 1 20 50 9050 40$30 30 30$0 10 20$30 40 503 4120 14030 2030 3030 4060 7051501030
14、5080Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Production Function 生产函数The production function shows the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good. 生产函数用于生产一种物品的 投入量与该物品产量之间的关系。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived
15、items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Marginal Product 边际产量The marginal product of any input in the production process is the increase in the quantity of output obtained from an additional unit of that input.任何一种生产过程中的投入要素的边 际产量是指增加一个单位的该要素投 入所引起的产量增加。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright
16、 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Marginal Product 边际产量Additional input 投入增加量Additional output=Marginal product边际产量产出增加量Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Diminishing Marginal ProductuDiminishing marginal product is the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases. uExample: As more and more worker
