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1、韦晓亮的韦晓亮的 GRE 作文大讲堂论证论据工具箱作文大讲堂论证论据工具箱 （摘自自新东方韦晓亮老师（摘自自新东方韦晓亮老师GRE 作文大讲堂以及博客）作文大讲堂以及博客） 以下都是小弟一直获益的段落，平时练习的时候敲下来，争取敲的单词都对，因为刚好也要要求自己实际作文考试时候的打字正确率，这些工具箱特别适合以下都是小弟一直获益的段落，平时练习的时候敲下来，争取敲的单词都对，因为刚好也要要求自己实际作文考试时候的打字正确率，这些工具箱特别适合 issue 的备考和解析，孙远的工具箱太宽泛了，不是很有针对性，把这些我摘录的分享给各位，也感谢的备考和解析，孙远的工具箱太宽泛了，不是很有针对性，把这
2、些我摘录的分享给各位，也感谢GRE 作文大讲堂的作者韦晓亮老师，书的含金量很高，也常去博客淘东西，让我学到很多东西，获得很多东西。第二次考作文大讲堂的作者韦晓亮老师，书的含金量很高，也常去博客淘东西，让我学到很多东西，获得很多东西。第二次考 GRE 了，希望自己的作文能拿到了，希望自己的作文能拿到 6，笔考能到，笔考能到 1500，我的目标，我的目标，fight！ 宁思凡宁思凡 哲学类话题工具箱：哲学类话题工具箱： 1. Dialectic analysis Dialectic, in philosophy, method of investigating the nature of trut
3、h by critical analysis of concepts and hypotheses. One of the earliest examples of the dialectical method was the Dialogues of Greek philosopher Plato, in which the author sought to study truth through discussion in the form of questions and answers. Another noted Greek philosopher, Aristotle, thoug
4、ht of dialectic as the search for the philosophic basis of science, and he frequently used the term as a synonym for the science of logic. 2. Concept Concepts are of central importance to an overall theory of cognition and the mind. Our thoughts, especially those that express or involve propositions
5、, are analyzed and distinguished from one another by appeal to various facts involving concepts and our grasp of them. Similarly, our linguistic utterances that express propositions also express concepts, since concepts are normally thought to be closely related to, or even identified with, the mean
6、ings of entities like predicates, adjectives, and the like. Our understanding and interaction with the world also involves concepts and our grasp of them. Our understanding that a given thing is a member of a given category is at least partly in virtue of our grasp of concepts, and so are our acts o
7、f categorizing. Such capacities involve our knowledge in an essential way, and thus such philosophical issues regarding our epistemic capacities are tied to issues about concepts and their nature. There may be some features and capacities of the mind that do not involve concepts, but certainly the v
8、ast number of them do, and thus the task of identifying the correct general theory of concepts is significant to the philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, cognitive science, and psychology. 3. Egoism In philosophy, egoism is the theory that ones self is, or should be, the motivation and the go
9、al of ones own action. Egoism has two variants, descriptive or normative. The descriptive (or positive) variant conceives egoism as a factual description of human affairs. That is, people are motivated by their own interests and desires, and they cannot be described otherwise. The normative variant
10、proposes that people should be so motivated, regardless of what presently motivates their behavior. Altruism is the opposite of egoism. The term “egoism” derives from “ego,” the Latin term for the English word “I”. “Egoism” should be distinguished from “egotism,” which means a psychological overvalu
11、ation of ones own importance, or of ones own activities. 4. Epistemology Epistemology is the study of knowledge. Epistemologists concern themselves with a number of tasks, which we might sort into two categories. First, we must determine the nature of knowledge; that is, what does it mean to say tha
12、t someone knows, or fails to know, something? This is a matter of understanding what knowledge is, and how to distinguish between cases in which someone knows something and cases in which someone does not know something. While there is some general agreement about some aspects of this issue, we shal
13、l see that this question is much more difficult than one might imagine. Second, we must determine the extent of human knowledge; that is, how much do we, or can we, know? How can we use our reason, our senses, the testimony of others, and other resources to acquire knowledge? Are there limits to wha
14、t we can know? For instance, are some things unknowable? Is it possible that we do not know nearly as much as we think we do? Should we have a legitimate worry about skepticism, the view that we do not or cannot know anything at all? 5. Pragmatism Pragmatism was founded in the spirit of finding a sc
15、ientific concept of truth, which is not dependent on either personal insight (or revelation) or reference to some metaphysical realm. The truth of a statement should be judged by the effect it has on our actions and truth should be seen as that which the whole of scientific enquiry will ultimately a
16、gree on. This should probably be seen as a guiding principle more than a definition of what it means for something to be true, though the details of how this principle should be interpreted have been subject to discussion since Pierce first conceived it. Like Rorty many seem convinced that Pragmatism holds that the truth of beliefs does not consist in their correspondence with reality, but in their usefulness and efficacy. 6.Realism Reali
