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1、智 课 网 G R E 备 考 资 料gre写作 如何清楚表达自己的逻辑思维很多考生对改革后的新gre写作感到茫然，如何清晰表达自己的逻 辑思维呢?新gre写作题目更加具体，考察考生完成题目过程中是否能够 融合批判性思维和分析写作能力，以便更好的研究生院和商学院所学需 思维方式，所以新gre写作备考过程中我们如何清洗表达自己的逻辑思 维是非常重要的。 我们首先来看下面这段话： Panda bear is a kind of docile lovely animal in the southwest of China. Its cherubic appearance and awkward mo
2、vement appeals to not only children but also adults. It symbolizes the spirit of peace and harmony, which is cherished by Chinese people. Expansion of human activities to wild areas has caused a sharp decrease in the number of panda bears. 这段话由四句组成，彼此之间存在着明显的联系，论证的都是中国 大熊猫的情况。排除语法，文字优美等诸多考虑，这段话给人的感觉
3、是 四个孤立的句子，而不是一段文章。其原因之一，也被笔者认为是最重 要的一个原因，是它缺乏必要的过渡(Transitions)，文中主题之间缺乏 有机联系导致文章缺乏必要的连贯性。这一问题也是学生在写作实践中 普遍存在的现象。本文的目的就是介绍英文写作中transitions的使用。作为考试项目教师，出于通过考试的目的，注意在文章中必要的连 接也显得尤其重要。在诸多北美考试的写作评分标准中，都出现过与之 相关的要求，比如 *“displays unity, progression, and coherence, though connection of ideas may be occasio
4、nally obscured“ (iBT Independent Writing 3分评分标准) *“develops and organizes ideas satisfactorily but may notconnect them with transitions“ (GRE Argument 4分评分标准) *“is limited in its organization or focus, or may demonstrate some lapses in coherence or progression of ideas“ (Sat Write an Essay 3分评分标准)各种
5、考试中不约而同的出现对于coherence，connection，transit ions等概念的要求，而且这部分做的不到位都会影响考试写作部分的成 绩，其重要性可见一斑。上面三个词的翻译为“连贯性“，“连接“和“过渡 “，而connection和transitions在这里可以被理解为同义词，笔者认为 就是达到coherence这一目的的重要手段之一(还有一些其他方法，比如 重述和首尾的呼应)。 那么到底甚么是Transitions呢?在GRE考试中又被称作Transitionaldevices，连接元件。笔者尝试对之做出定义：Transitions是出现在文 章中的一种词，短语甚至句子，其
6、目的是用来表明它前后两部分之间的 逻辑关系的，它的用处是能够帮助读者自然地从作者的一个idea转移到 下一个idea，使用的结果可以使文章的逻辑性更强，更加连贯。打个比 方来说，它很像道路上引导旅者的标志牌(They are like the road signs that guide travelers-College Writing Skills)。之所以说“前后 两部分“，是因为Transitions的前后可能是两个段落，两句话，甚至两 个单词，它们彼此之间都会存在各种各样的逻辑关系，比如说： *Addition: and, in addition, additionally, one,
7、 another, first of all, secondly, furthermore, moreover *Time: then, after, before, since, once, until, meanwhile, now, during *Space: next to, across, above, below, nearby*Change-of-direction: but, yet, however, otherwise, nevertheless, although, in contrast, on the contrary *Conclusion: because, s
8、o, therefore, as a result, consequently, thus, in summary, conclude 其实还有很多其他关系，其他的词，这几种是比较常见的。我们发 现这种transitions的出现方式非常多样，包含了很多词性：连词，介词 ，副词，动词等等，还有很多短语，所以把它称之为Transitional devices是非常恰当的。 针对Transitional devices前后可以是段落，句子以及单词，我们分别举几个例子： *Among paragraphs：In the first place, human always like exploring
9、 the world around, especially mysterious fields Besides humans curiosity, to explore dangerous fields draws them away from daily routine and boredom. Finally, although these dangerous activities may not bring us any material reward, they bring forth a lot of psychological benefits. 这是一篇托福作文的三个中间段的to
10、pic sentence，可以看出三段 分别论证了人类参加危险运动的三条理由(好奇心，找刺激以及精神的愉 悦)，彼此之间的并列关系，是通过In the first place, Besides，Finally这三个Transitional devices来体现的 另外，段落之间也有可能出现转折逻辑关系，相应的连接语也会发 生变化，比如： One reason for my fundamental agreement with the speaker is that withholding some personal information is necessary to gain and ma
11、intain political leadership. Another reason why I essentially agree with the speaker is that fully disclosing to the public certain types of information would threaten public safety and perhaps even national security.Having recognized that withholding information from the public is often necessary t
12、o serve the interests of that public, legitimate political leadership nevertheless requires forthrightness with the citizenry as to the leaders motives and agenda. 上面是一篇GRE北美范文的三个中间段的topic sentences，可以发现，前两段之间是并列关系(one reason/another reason),而第三段和前两段之间就是转折关系(nevertheless) *Among sentences: Office wo
13、rkers time is hardly enough for their own work. As a result, big companies lack necessary team spirit, rendering employees emotional distance from each other.这两句话论证了为什么大公司缺乏必要的团队精神，员工之间感情 淡漠，各自忙于工作是原因，缺乏team spirit是结果，所以前后两句话之间通过连接语As a result表明了因果逻辑关系。同样的，句子之间也有并列与转折关系： For example, foods in wester
14、n world, such as cheese, jam and butter, are now becoming familiar and popular in China. By the same token, more and more products with Chinese style can be found in American markets.(并列) In the past, people may only obtain information from some traditional media, such as televisions, books, or news
15、papers. However, today people are able to receive the same material through computers.(转折) *Among words： Instead ofobtaining splendid grade in exams, students main assignment is to perceive the way to search knowledge they want.这句话中的instead of 前后实际上是两个具有名词特性的短语，分词短语obtaining splendid grade in exams，
16、和介词短语to perceive the way to search knowledge they want。这两部分之间具有转折关系，用Instead of来体现. 而用来表达单词中的并列和因果关系的连接语就是我们很常 见的and还有because of，这个很简单就不举例子。 在写作文章中充分合理地加入这种Transitional devices，就可以 在很大程度上增加文章的连贯性，比如还是本文开头的那段话，稍加修 改之后变成了： Panda bear is a kind of docile lovely animal in the southwest of China. Because of its cherubic appearance and awkward movement, it also symbolizes the spirit of peace and harmony, which is cherished by Chinese people. However, expansion of human activities to
