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1、Lesson Five Speech on Hitlers Invasion of the U.S.S.R. Lectured by Luo ZaixiangAn analysis of the text 1. Its main idea is clearly and logically expressed. As an arch anti-communist, Churchill succeeded in expressing his support to Russia. Communism is a bad political system, according to Churchill,
2、. It just means crimes, follies and tragedies. But Churchill showed his sympathies with Russia and Russian people from a humanistic point of view. The Russian people are poor, but they have right to guard their homes, They have right to enjoy basic human joys. Now Hitler is trying to destroy the pea
3、ceful life of the Russian people. So the Russian danger becomes the danger of the whole world. Based on this reasoning, Churchill expressed his support to Russia. Besides, Churchill successfully made Hitlers ill motive known, i.e., to put the whole world under his control, he intended to win the und
4、erstanding and support of dominions, the United states and all the possible forces that might be united to fight against Hitler. 2. Vivid descriptions help to achieve the desired effect. Churchill is very skilful at provoking the readers sensational participation, especially when he comes to describ
5、e the Russians guarding their homes and Hitlers violent attacking on Russia. Various senses of the readers are expected to participate in the speech, the sense of hearing, imagination sightetc., which make the speech moral forceful and more convincing. 3. Rich in figures of speech (parallelism, repe
6、tition, simile, metaphor, allusion, synecdoche, hemisphere, periodic sentencesetc. 4. Languages are formal; sentences are comparatively long to serve the situation perfectly (subject matter, formal words, Hun to show his contempt) Rhetoric teaches that there are three points that have to be skillful
7、ly combined if oratory, writing, or any kind of communication is to have an effect on an audience or Other. These are: Logos: Discourse must demonstrate consonance with fundamental logic. What is spoken has to “make sense.” This is provided by the integrity achieved by the interlocking off all the p
8、arts of discourse, the sequential logic that binds statement to statement and builds them to an integral idea. Simply, “what works?” What goes logically with what? This is the “technical” part of the argument in the sense of “If you dont get your facts straight, theres a good chance youll be tripped
9、 up on the technicalities.” The appeal through logos says: “This is what it is.” Ethos: If the logos of an argument refers to the proper “functioning” of a discourse, then ethos describes how the argument fits into the “intersubjective order.” Intersubjective order is a way of saying the company of
10、Others with whom one lives. Originally, and still very much today, ethos referred to the credibility of the speaker. It is that and more. The ethos also describes the broad framework that organizes 1 Excerpted from longer discussion of the applicability of the rhetorical legacy to planning, communic
11、ation and design. Forthcoming. 2 the details, forces, and behaviours. Ethos refers to credibility (or “fit”) of what is spoken with reference to the communitys moral, social and spiritual framework. The appeal through ethos says: “This is why it matters.” Pathos: The word means “feeling,” in the sen
12、se of experience that “leaves a mark.” We might say emotions, today; the Victorians might have said “heart.” Affective impact could be yet another way. This is the part of the argument that is completely concerned with meaning as it is experienced by our lived totality. We enjoy logic because it giv
13、es us a feeling of overcoming, of learning, of clearer understanding; so also with our social life. The meaning of these things is revealed to us by how we feel about them. Were this not the case, people would grieve over the loss of expensive objects more than they do over things which have importa
14、nt memories associated with them regardless of their monetary value. This appeal to pathos says: “This is what it means to you.” Every effective discourse interweaves all three appeals. They are called the artistic proofs because if the issue were perceived by from the appropriate angle of seeing, t
15、heres be no reason to have to create discourse it would all be self-evident. But if knowledge is imperfect (the Sophist position), then we must infer, inquire into probability, investigate and present plausible accounts of what happened, what might happen and what is worthy of happening. In such circumstances we have inquiry, deliberation and declaration; head, surrounding world of others, and heart; smarts, views of others and gut.
