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1、Lecture 6 Exposition and ArgumentationConcept and Basic StructureCommonly Used Sentence PatternsExposition in CET6Exposition in CET6n08年12月How to improve Students Mental Health1. 大学生心理健康很重要2. 为此，学校可以3. 我们自己应该n07年12月The Digital Age1. 如今数字化产品越来越多，如2. 使用数字化产品对人们学习工作和生活的影响 n05年6月On Piracy1. 目前盗版现象比较严重2.
2、 造成这种现象的原因及危害3. 我们应该怎样做n03.12月Reduce Waste on Campus1. 目前有些校园内浪费现象严重2. 浪费的危害3. 从我做起，杜绝浪费n2003.1 It Pays to Be Honest1. 最近社会上出现了一些不诚实的现象。2诚实利人利己；怎样做到诚实。n2002.6 Student Use of Computers 1. 下图所是为1990、1995、2000年某高校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化 ；2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因； 3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。n1998.1 My View on Fake Co
3、mmodities1. 假冒伪劣商品的危害2. 怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品Concept and Basic Structure说明文的概念说明文是用来解释、阐述事物的文章。说明 的对象可以是某一客观事物的特点、性质、 操作程序、工作原理等，也可以是某种抽象 概念或科学原理、自然现象或社会现象。有 时甚至是某种观点。因此，说明文是学生科 学家或其他专业人员经常使用的文体。由于说明文往往是对客观事物或事理的介绍 或解释，一般是不随时间和空间变化而改变 的。因此，英语说明文的基本时态还是一般 现在时。说明文的特点n客观性：说明的目的是介绍事物、阐明事理 ，所以，作者的态度必须冷静、客观、尽可 能不含自己
4、的主观感情色彩。说明文通常没 有个人的评论，因此常常采用被动语态。n信息性：所有说明的内容不仅要给读者提供 足够的信息还必须客观真实。n解说性:说明文要求对事物的性质、形状、特 征等进行直接解说，因而写作要深入浅出、 条理分明、通畅易懂。说明文的标题说明文通常用来解释“某一概念”、“和的关系”、“什么是” 、“如何解决的问题”或“如何做”、“为什么”或“的原 因”等。所以，常用以下几种形式的标题： 1）名词或名词短语：这种标题中的名词或名词短语就是要说明的对象。例 如：The Two-day Weekend, Plastics, Bicycle An Important Means of Tr
5、ansportation in China, Advantage of Job Interview等 。 2）并列结构：这类标题通常用and连接两个名词，文章的核心部分常常是 两个概念的比较、相互关系或相互影响。例如：The Computer and Our Life, The Bus and the Subway Train, Motorcycles and City Traffic等。 3）非谓语动词：这类标题的说明文主要侧重如何做某事。例如：How to Succeed in a Job Interview, Getting to Know the World Outside the C
6、ampus等。 4）句子：用作说明文标题的句子可以是疑问句也可以是陈述句，有时还用 祈使句。例如：How I Finance My College Education? What Would Happen If There Were No Power, The World Is Getting Smaller and Smaller等。说明文的写作方法说明文通常分为三部分：第一部分点名要说明的事 物；第二部分则使用例证、定义、分类、比较、因果 关系等方法对事物进行说明，是说明文的核心部分； 最后，通常用一句话或一段文字简短总结要点，例如 ：Automobiles have been playi
7、ng an important role in the daily activities of human society. For example, industry needs them for transporting products, while agriculture depends on them for farm supplies. In addition, automobiles are used everyday to carry people to and from work. At weekends, automobiles can take families on t
8、ours. Life without cars? It is unthinkable.1）例证说明通过举例使抽象的特征具体化是最简单、最常用、也是非常有效的说 明手法。例证通常有两种表现形式：举例例证和细节说明。举例例证有时不使用任何明显的例证标志性词语，直接叙述事例，但 更多的情况下，要借用一些举例标志来实现，如such as, for example, for instance, take the case of, a case in point等。细节说明则是通过细节描绘 或数据来说明一个道理或一般事实。Americans call it doing homework. Parents
9、and teachers think of it as a link between home and school. Work that students do at home each night can give their mothers and fathers information about what is being learned in school and how it is being taught. Nicholas is a 17-year-old high school student in Burke, Virginia. He has about two hou
10、rs of homework each night. Nick says he spends more time studying if he is preparing for a test. Here is an example of one nights work. Last Thursday night Nick had to solve 20 mathematics problems, read and take notes on about 30 pages of an American history book, answer 15 science questions and co
11、mplete a written report about part-time job. 2）列举说明列举说明是一种常见的说明手法。用这种方法说明事物，清楚明了。 一般情况下，列举的顺序与内容的重要性、时间的先后、位置的远近等 相关。常用的词语有：first, second/next/then, finally/lastly; one, another, still another; for one thing, for another等。Early rising is helpful in more than one way. Firstly, it helps to keep us fit
12、. We all need fresh air, but the air is never so fresh as early in the morning. So, doing morning exercise can do good to our health. Secondly, early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning, and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning. Thirdly, early risi
13、ng enables us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring, so the plan for the day should be made in the morning. Fourthly, early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work.3）定义当要解释的主题为一概念时，通常使用下定义的方法解释事
14、物的组成、特征、用途等，以区别于其他事物或现象。定义要 用准确简洁的语言对事物的本质特征或区别于其他事物的属性 进行说明。在解释说明一般的事物时，经常使用be, mean, be called, be defined as, be known as, be referred to as等给事物下 定义。Only a person far away from home knows what homesickness is. It is the welling-up tears in your eyes, the lump in your throat, the waving hands when
15、 the train is drawing out of the station and taking you away from home. It is the strength with which you walk the three miles to your home with heavy bags in your hands after a long tiring trip, and the halt, excitement, and hesitation at the doorstep.4）分类说明在说明文中，为了使读者更深入、更细致地了解所说明的 事物，通常在概括性介绍或对事物
16、进行通用定义后，通常还 使用分类说明的手法做进一步解释。There are two general kinds of steel: carbon steel and alloy steel. Carbon steel contains only iron and carbon, while alloy steel contains other elements as well, such as nickel, chromium, tungsten, etc. The properties of carbon steels, notably strength and hardness, depend on the amount of carbon they contain. Low carbon steel is relatively soft and weak; medium carbon steel is both harder and strong
