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1、English for Special Purposes in Civil Engineering作者: 蒲万丽 西南石油大学土木工程学院2007年10月土木工程专业英语Lesson 3Text: Components of A Building教学要求: 1、掌握有关专业术语； 2、 熟悉一些常见的表达方式； 3、 延伸了解一些有名的建筑、建筑师、工程师； 4、 拓展专业知识； 5、 能正确、流畅地翻译Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, includin
2、g the load-carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a bu
3、ildingload-carrying frame： 承重骨架； load-bearing frame partition p:tin ：隔墙 ，隔断； heating and cooling systems:供热制冷系统below ground.材料和结构形式结合在一起组成的建筑的各个部 分，包括承重的框架、围护结构、楼板和隔板。建筑 还包含机电系统，如电梯、供热制冷系统以及照明系 统。上部结构是建筑的地上部分，下部结构和基础则 位于地面以下。The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century:
4、steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator. Steel as a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in 1855. Gustave Eiffel(1832-1923) introduced steel construction in France. His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition o
5、f 1889 expressed the lightness of the steel framework. The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet(300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 years later by a series of American skyscrapers.Bessemer converter ： 贝色明转炉； Galerie des Machines：机械馆 ；摩天大厦的存在归功于19世纪的两大发明：钢结 构和载人电
6、梯。钢结构作为建筑材料起源于1885年贝 色麦转炉法的推广。Gustave Eiffel在法国率先使用 了钢结构。他为1889年巴黎博览设计的机械馆和铁塔 展现了钢结构的轻巧。埃菲尔铁塔高984英尺（300米 ），是当时最高的建筑，直到40年后，才被美国的一 系列摩天大楼超过了它的高度。Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (18321923 ) was a French engineer and architect and a specialist of metallic structures. He is famous for designing the Eiffel Towe
7、r, built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, France, and the armature for the Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, USA.InformationCompleted in 1889Statusdemolished (1909) Structural Type truss roof three-hinged arch truss Part of World Exposition 1889faadeglass building structure wrought iron
8、 （熟铁）width115 m height 43.50 mlength 420 mGalerie des Machines机械馆是1889年的巴黎世界博览会上最重要的建筑之一 ，它运用当时最先进的结构和施工技术，采用钢制三铰拱桁 架(three-hinged arch truss) ，跨度达到115米，堪称 跨度方面的大跃进！陈列馆共有20榀这样的钢拱，形成宽 115米、长420米，内部毫无阻挡的庞大室内空间。 Information Location Paris, FranceStatus CompleteConstructed 1889UseObservation tower, Radi
9、o broadcasting tower HeightAntenna/Spire324 m (1,063 ft)Roof300.65 m (986 ft)Companies Architect Gustave EiffelStructural EngineerGustave EiffelServices Engineer Gustave EiffelThe Eiffel Tower had a huge impact on France. The tower was the focal point of the Exposition Universelle (1889) and drew mi
10、llions of people to Paris. Nearly two million people visited the Eiffel Tower in 1889 alone. The tower quickly became a tourist attraction and brought large amounts of money into Frances economy. After originally being thought of as an eyesore, the tower quickly became a national symbol of France an
11、d brought a sense of pride to the people who live there. In 1910 Gustave Eiffel accomplished extraordinary outcomes in determining the wind resistance of a flat plate; Gustave used the Eiffel Tower as his test platform.Eiffel Tower under construction in July 1888The first elevator was installed by E
12、lisha Otis in a department store in New York in 1857. In 1889, Eiffel installed the first elevator on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower, whose hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit every hour.hydraulic haidr:lik ：水力的,水压的； summit: smit ：顶点 ；u比较：电梯 elevator eliveit lift自动扶
13、梯 escalator eskleit 步行楼梯 stairs Elisha Graves Otis (1811.8.- 1861.4) invented a safety device that prevented elevators from falling if the hoisting cable broke. He worked on this device while living in Yonkers, New York in 1852 , and had a finished product in 1854.Load-Carrying Frame. Until the late
14、 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. This construction is essentially a post and lintel type, and it is still used in frame construction for houses. Bearing- wall construction limited the height of buildings because of the enormous wall th
15、ickness required; for instance, the 16-story Monadnock Building built in the 1880s in Chicago had walls 5 feet(1.5 meters) thick at the lower floors.Load-Carrying Frame：承重框架，load-bearing frame exterior walls ：外墙； bearing- wall ： 承重墙；承重结构。直到19世纪后叶，外墙依然被用来做 承重墙来支承楼板。这种结构本质上是一种过梁柱， 现在依然在住宅结构中使用。由于墙体的厚度
16、，承重 墙限制了建筑的高度。例如，建于19世纪80年代的芝 加哥Monadnock大楼底层墙厚达5英尺（1.5米）。 Monadnock BuildingIn 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907) supported floors on cast-iron columns to form a cage -like construction. Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. As a consequence of skeleto
