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1、动词的短语形式动词的短语形式13271327 不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些，上面例句中的及物动 词、不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词，但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短 语或成语。例如“及物动词+名词”可以看作是一种不及物动词：He lost heart（他灰心灰心了。）This habit has struck root（这种习惯已根深蒂固根深蒂固）下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词：I looked for my lost dictionary（我在找找我弄失的字典。）He paid attention to his lesson（他很注意注意他的功课。）He gave u
2、p drinking（他戒戒酒了。）He is afraid of blood（他怕怕血。）He cant get along with anyone（他和谁都处处不好。）下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词：I waited for him to come（我等他来等他来。）详见 11821206 节。非谓语动词的修饰语非谓语动词的修饰语17291729 非谓语动词，即动名词、分词及不定式，不仅可以修饰别的词，而 且可以被别的词修饰。非谓语动词被副词（短语）、状语从句或不定式修饰时， 其方式和谓语动词被修饰方式一样，所不同者，非谓语动词如果被短语、从句 或不定式所修饰，必须放在修饰语前面，
3、而谓语动词可放在任何修饰语前面或 后面。此外，非谓语动词很少由分词修饰，而谓语动词却常可由分词修饰。 K K非谓语动词的被动形式非谓语动词的被动形式12171217 本章所给都是谓语动词的例子（1216 2，3 两段除外），适合谓语 动词有关语态的规律，也同样适用于非谓语动词，尽管有时有些细微差别。12181218 1就谓语动词而言，被动动词所表示动作的承受者必然是句子主语：This“continent” was discovered by ColumbusThat“man” will be punished“He” is interested in learning new things“J
4、ohn” will be questioned“I”shall be examined again但就非谓语动词而言，被动动词所表示动作的承受者可能是起形容词作用 的分词或不定式所修饰的主体词：This is the“continent” discovered by ColumbusThe“man” to be punished is gone I want “him” to be ar rested“His”being interested in gardening is unknown to me Its no use“for John”to be questioned也可以是句子的主语：
5、“I”am willing to be examined again“I”avoided being examined again也可能不说出来：To be promoted is the result of many years of effort Being insulted is worse than being killed12191219 2用于被动语态的谓语动词可以是（1）及物动词，（2）双宾动词 或（3）宾补动词：（1）Many letters are written every dayThe case is being studied（2）The flowers are sen
6、t her by her loverThe books were given her by her uncle（3）Mary is advised to talk lessThe city is always kept clean非谓语动词也如此：（1）There are many letters to be writtenThe case heing studied concerns drug-smuggling（2）The flowers sent her are beautifulThe books given her by her uncles were novels（3）Being
7、advised to talk less，Mary keeps silent while we talkThe city，to be always kept clean，has a thousand workmen to do the job12201220 3用于被动语态的谓语动词可表示动作或状态：The enemy was surrounded（动作）by our troops yester- day The city is surrounded（状态）by trees非谓语动词也如此：The enemy，surrounded（动作）by our troops yesterday，surr
8、endered this morningThe city，surrounded（状态）by trees，looks extremely beautiful12211221 4在谓语动词用于被动结构时，by 引起的短语常常由于某些原因 不说出：The watch was stolen（by John）非谓语动词也如此：The watch stolen（by John）cost fifty dollars12221222 5谓语动词的被动语态相当于一个不及物动词或相当于“及物动词 +自身代词”：The ceremony was begun（=began）at 8：00 a mHis patienc
9、e has been exhausted（=exhausted itself）非谓语动词也如此：Begun（=beginning）at 8：00 am，the ceremony is a great event in this small villageHaving been exhausted（=exhausted itself），his patience changed to recklessness12231223 6谓语动词还有另一种表示被动意思的方式：He got his house repaired every year非谓语动词也如此：He talked with masons
10、about getting his house repaired 2 2非谓语非谓语动词动词和谓语和谓语动词动词的差别的差别10151015 非谓语动词和谓语动词有 6 方面的差别：a谓语动词是句子必不可少的成分，而非谓语动词并不如此。如： He came（谓语动词）. My father is reading. （谓语动词）两句中都有谓语动 词。没有谓语动词，句子则不完整，但句子却可以没有非谓语动词。b一个完整的句子一般只包含一个谓语动词（有时可包含两个或更多并列 的谓语动词），但可以包含一个或更多非谓语动词，如： After waiting（动 名词） some time at thebu
11、sstop，a foreigner wearing（分词） a blue shirt went（谓语动词） across the street to buy（不定式） a newspaper. 其中有一个谓语动词，却有 3 个非谓语动词。c谓语动词只有一个作用，就是起动词的作用，而非谓语动词却同时起两 种作用。在上面例句中，动名词 waiting 起动词和名词的作用，分词 wearing 起动词和形容词的作用，不定式 to buy 起动词和副词的作用。d谓语动词必须有一个主语，而非谓语动词却可以没有主语，如：John（主语） came（谓语）yesterday.Books（主语） are（谓语
12、动词）our good teacher.但在下面句子中，非谓语动词却没有自己的主语：Swimming is a good sport. （动名词 swimming 没有主语）It is good to work. （不定式 to work 没有主语）但非谓语动词却可以有自己意义上的主语（Sense Subject），以区别于语 法上的主语（Grammatical Subject）。语法上的主语是谓语动词的主语，也是 全句的主语。非谓语动词意义上的主语，通常都放在它前面，如：I read newspapers，my wife sitting by my side.John being my be
13、st friend，I cannot refuse his request.分词的意义上的主语是名词的普通格或是一个代词，而动名词的意义上的 主语多为名词所有格或物主代词，如：I am informed of Johns getting ill.I suggested our fighting to the last man.My wifes speaking ill of my friends made me angry.不定式的意义上的主语，多由 for 加名词或代词的宾格表示，如：We made way for the lady to pass.It is rather hard for
14、 me to make any comment.e谓语动词可包含 will，can，may，must 这类情态动词（助动词），而 非谓语动词却不能和它们一起用。不过非谓语动词可以包含有这类助动词的替 代说法，如：He owns being about to（代替 will） get married. （= Heowns that he will get married. ）A man going to（= Who will soon） die is always kindhearted.I am aware of a great war being on the point of（代替 wil
15、l） breaking out.Being able to（代替 can） read Japanese（ As he canread Japanese），he explained the meaning of the letter tome.To be able to make much money is a half success in life，but no more.Blessed is the man allowed to（= Who may） kiss herhand!I hear of his being allowed（ or permitted） to（代替 may） ent
16、er our club.It is my destiny to be obliged to（代替 should or must）many this beast of a man. （= It is my destiny that I should marry）I confess having to（代替 must） depend upon my wifefor my business plan.f谓语动词必须和主语在人称或数上一致，如：He comes every day. They come every day.My father is sad，My parents are sad，I am sad. 但非谓语动词却不 如此，如： I dislike his（or their） coming everyday，My father（or My
