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1、第 8 讲 定语从句1. 定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的那个名词或代词称为先行词。3. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as 等；关系副词：where, when, why 等。关系词常有三个作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中充当一个成分。例如：Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read. (that I have read
2、是定语从句；novel 是先行词；that 是关系代词，代替先行词 novel，在从句中作 have read 的宾语。)关系词指代人或物以及在定语从句中充当的成分关系词指代人或物定语从句中充当的成分that人或物主语、宾语、 表语或状语which物或主句内容主语、宾语或定语who人主语或宾语whom人宾语whose人或物定语关系 代词as人或物或主句内容主语或宾语when时间状语where地点状语关系 副词why原因状语4. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，翻译成先行词的定语， “的”。非限制性定语从句
3、是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，通常翻译成主句的并列句。关系代词 that 和关系副词 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college. 他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥，现在是律师，总是鼓励他上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)一、关系代词的使用【例句
4、观察】 She is the woman (whom / that / who)I wanted to see yesterday. 她是我昨天想看的那个女的。The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你扛着的包裹马上要拆开。Obama won the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2009, which we hadnt expected. Obama 在 2009 年得诺贝尔和平奖是大家都没想到的。Your parents are the ones to
5、 whom you can turn when you are in trouble. 你父母是你困难时可以求助的人。【例句分析】 whom / that / who 指人，在限制性定语从句中作 wanted to see 的宾语，可以省略。which / that 指物，在限制性定语从句中作 are carrying 的宾语，可以省略。which 指前面主句内容，在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，但不能省略。whom 前有介词 to，虽然作宾语，但不能省略。【结论 1】关系代词若在限制性定语从句中作宾语并且前面无介词时，关系代词可省略，其他情况不可省。【完成例句】(1)我，你的好朋友，当你陷入困境
6、的时候会帮你的。I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble. (2) 哈利波特是最受青少年欢迎的畅销书之一。Harry Potter is one of the bestsellers that are popular with teenagers. 哈利波特是唯一一本让作者成为亿万富翁的畅销书。Harry Potter is the only one of the bestsellers that makes the author a billionaire. (3
7、)他通过了考试，这使我们很惊讶。He has passed the exam, which makes us surprised.众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.(4)每家有台电视,30 年前我们认为是不可能的，现在实现了。To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 30 years ago, now has become true. 【结论 2】定语从句中的主谓一致问题(1)关系代词在定语从句中
8、作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。(2) one of 复数名词 关系代词 复数动词；而 the only one of 复数名词 关系代词 单数动词。(3)非限制性定语从句中，由关系代词 as 或 which 代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。(4)关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单复数要看关系代词的指代。 【完成例句】 (5)所有能做的都做了。All that can be done has been done. (6)这就是我想要买的电影。This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. (7)他们在伦
9、敦参观的第一个地方是大本钟。The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. (8)站在那儿的是谁？Who is the man that is standing there?(9) They have set up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.他们创立了一家环保公司。(10)杭州不再是过去的杭州了。Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to
10、be.【结论 3】指物时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用 that 的情况：当先行词为 everything, anything, nothing, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little 等不定代词时，只用 that。当先行词被 the only, the very, all, much, few, any, little, no 修饰时，只用 that。当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。先行词既有人又有物时，只用 that。当主句的主语是疑问词 who 或 which 时，为避免重复要用 that。
11、有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用 which，另一个宜用 that。当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时，只用 that。【完成例句】 (11)那棵四百年的老树很有名。The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (12)我们自给自足。We depend on the land from which we get our food. (13)这本书是关于我们要去参观的那座有名的建筑吗？Is this the book that refers to the famous building wh
12、ich we will go to visit?【结论 4】只能用 which 的情况：引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用 which。介词后只用 which，且不能省略。有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用 that，另一个宜用 which。【完成例句】(14)有人愿意帮助受伤的人吗？Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person?(15)这就是那位帮助在事故中受伤的人的医生吗？Is this the doctor that helped the people who were injured in the accident?【结
13、论 5】指人时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用 who 的情况：当先行词是 anyone, those 时，只用 who。 有两个定语从句皆指人时，其中一个关系代词已用 that，另一个宜用 who。【完成例句】 (16)那个门破了的教室在二楼。The classroom whose door / the door of which / of which the door is broken is on the second floor. 【结论 6】whose 可以指代人或物，在定语从句中作定语， 后跟名词。指物时，whose 名词 of which 名词 名词 of which。【完成例句】(
14、17)我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。 As we all know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 太阳照射地球，这对我们是很重要的。The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.(18)她和她妹妹穿一样的衣服。She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 这不是我们想到的那所房子。This house is not such as I expect.(19)就像我们指出的那样，这种物质是有毒的。As was pointed out, thi
15、s kind of substance is poisonous. 【结论 7】关系代词 as 和 which 在非限制性定语从句中，as 和 which 可代替整个主句，相当于 and this 或 and that。二者的区别主要在于：as 引导的非限制性定语从句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有时还可以在插入句中，常带有“正如，正像”的意思。而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后，翻译成“这”。as 常用于以下固定搭配中：the same名词as “和同样的”，such名词as“像一样的，像之类的”，such as“这样的人 / 物”。(such 为代词，作先行词； as
16、 在从句中作宾语)在以下结构中，一般也用 as: as (it)appears, as (it)seems, as (it)often happens, as (it)was pointed out / said / reported / announced, as (it)was said earlier, as I remember (it), as is wellknown, as is known to all, as anybody can see 等。【完成例句】(20)这就是我一直在找的书。This is the book which / that / 不填 I am looking for. (21)他深爱对他慈爱的父母。He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. He loved his parents deeply, of whom
