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1、语用与交际答疑题:1.What are Morris early definitions of syntactics, semantics and pragmatics, and his expanding definition? 2.Please point out the narrowness of Carnaps view of pragmatics. 3.How do pragmatic factors influence our daily life, please give us an example? 4.Please illustrate the importance of t
2、he appropriacy and give us an example, which is against the appropriacy requirement of language use. 5.Give an example and illustrate the indirectness of the language. 6.Interprate the concept and knowledge of making inference in understanding utterances. 7.Illustrate one more nature of language use
3、 indeterminacy, for example, in Diane Blackmore book Understanding Utterances (1992) the indeterminacy nature of the English possessives. 8. In analyzing the indeterminacy, how shall we seek the help of context, giving rise to the meaning of it? 9. Please explain concept and knowledge of linguistic
4、context, non-linguistic context and role and function of context. 10.Please explain the origin and concept of deixis with example. 11.Please explicitly illustrate the relationship between context and deixis. 12.Whats the traditional categories of deixis? 13. What are the pragmatic functions of perso
5、n deixis, and the three groups of pronominal pronouns? 14.Please point out a distinction between gestural use and symbolic use of place deixis. 15.Please distinguish the deictic and non-deictic uses of place deixis. 16.Please give us a revision and summary of deixis. 17.Give the concept and knowledg
6、e of conversational implicature. 18.Whats the distinction of implicature and implication. 19.Tell the significance of the notion of implicature. 20.Tell the distinction between conversational meaning and conventional meaning. 21. Give a brief introduction to the co-operative principle. 22.Can conven
7、tional implicatures be shared by all cultures? 23.Please give a detailed introduction of co-operative principle. 24.What are four co-operative maxims? 25.Explain implicatures of following co-operative principles and its maxims. 26. How do people violate the second sub-maxim of quantity? 27.What are
8、the five features of conversational implicature? 28. Please explain the feature of cancellability. 29. Please tell your understanding of the politeness principle 30.What are three important features of politeness? 31. And use example to illustrate the three properties. 32.What do you think is the re
9、lationship between CP and PP? 33. Please define the notion of face. 34. What are positive face and negative face? 35. Generally speaking, how shall we be aware of peoples face wants in verbal communication? 36. Whats the general function of the properties of politeness principle?37. Give us some rev
10、ision and reinforcement work on conversational implicature (CI) 38. What is presupposition? 39. What is semantic presupposition? 40.What are semantic presupposition triggers? Please give us examples according to Karttunens theory. 41.Please give us a general introduction to the projection problem. 4
11、2. Explain the distinction between semantic presupposition and pragmatic presupposition. 43.Please illustrate the origin and knowledge of speech acts. 44.Please point out Austins distinction between constatives and performatives. And what conclusion can you draw from the previous distinction? 45. Il
12、lustrate different types perfomatives. 46. Explain explicit performatives and implicit performatives. 47. Please discuss Austins division of five types of perfomatives. 48.Tell your understanding of Searles development of speech acts语用与交际答疑题答案: 1. Morris early definition: Syntactics : Syntactics is
13、the study of “the formal relations of signs to one another“. Semantics: Semantics is the study of “ the relations of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable“. Pragmatics: Pragmatics is the study of “the relation of signs to interpreters“ (interpreters of signs being used).His expandin
14、g definition Some pragmatists suggest that we replace Morriss term, sign, with another term linguistic unit, which applies to morphemes, phrases, and sentences. With this change, syntax may be redefined as “the study of the formal relations of linguistic units to one another, and the grammatical str
15、uctures of phrases and sentences that result from these grammatical relations“; semantics can be redefined as “the study of the relation of linguistic units to the world to which they are referring“; and pragmatics as the “study of the relation of linguistic units to their users“.2. If we consider c
16、arefully Carnaps view of taking pragmatics as the “investigation making reference to users of the language“, we shall find that it is too narrow because this definition neglects other deictic phenomenon in language use indicating place (e.g. here and there) and time (e.g. now and then). Like the interpretation of the words “I“ in the example that relies on the identification of particular participants (or users) and their role in the speech event,
