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1、Relative economic incentives for hydrogen from nuclear, renewable, and fossil energy sources The specific hydrogen market determines the value of hydrogen from different sources. Each hydrogen production technology has its own distinct characteristics. For example, steam reforming of natural gas pro
2、duces only hydrogen. In contrast, nuclear and solar hydrogen production facilities produce hydrogen together with oxygen as a by-product or co-product. For a user who needs both oxygen and hydrogen, the value of hydrogen from nuclear and solar plants is higher than that from a fossil plant because “
3、free” oxygen is produced as a by-product. Six factors that impact the relative economics of fossil, nuclear, and solar hydrogen production to the customer are identified: oxygen by-product, avoidance of carbon dioxide emissions, hydrogen transport costs, storage costs, availability of low-cost heat,
4、 and institutional factors. These factors imply that different hydrogen production technologies will be competitive in different markets and that the first markets for nuclear and solar hydrogen will be those markets in which they have a unique competitive advantage. These secondary economic factors
5、 are described and quantified in terms of dollars per kilogram of hydrogen.Energy parks for former nuclear weapons sites? Public preferences at six regional locations and the United States as a whole The United States Department of Energy has proposed building energy parks at some of its former nucl
6、ear sites. These parks would develop technologies to enhance renewable energy sources, nuclear, coal, and others, as well as technologies to manage the waste, and transmit the energy. A survey of 3200 United States residents assessed public reaction to the policy. Half of the samples were gathered a
7、t four locations each centered on a major DOE facility; 25% were obtained at two other regions; and 25% were a national sample. As a whole, respondents from the four DOE-centered sites were more supportive of the concept than their counterparts, especially those respondents who lived in counties wit
8、hin 20 miles of the DOE site. Their support is associated with knowledge of the existing DOE facilities, desire for greater reliance on renewable energy sources and nuclear power, and a belief that the environment will improve during the next 25 years. They disproportionately trust authorities respo
9、nsible for managing major energy facilities and assess the economic impact of these facilities to be positive. The challenge to proponents of energy parks is to broaden the support among the 60% that had more lukewarm or neutral responses to the idea and to place the proposal in the larger national
10、energy policy context.Nuclear heat for hydrogen production: Coupling a very high/high temperature reactor to a hydrogen production plant 核电系统高温反应器的耐受级别提高与改进Progress in Nuclear EnergyHydrogen has been dubbed the fuel of the future. As fossil fuel reserves become depleted and greenhouse gas emissions
11、are reduced inline with the Kyoto protocol, alternative energy sources and vectors, such as hydrogen, must be developed. Hydrogen produced from water splitting, as opposed to from hydrocarbons, has the potential to be a carbon neutral energy solution. There are several methods to extract hydrogen fr
12、om water, three leading candidates being high temperature electrolysis, the SI thermochemical cycle and the HyS hybrid thermochemical cycle. All three of these processes involve a section requiring very high temperatures. The Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR), a gas cooled Generation IV reactor,
13、is ideally suited for providing this high temperature heat. Nuclear hydrogen production is being investigated around the world. The four leading consortiums are the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), PBMR/Westinghouse, GA, and AREVA NP/CEA/EDF. There are also many smaller R however, the conversion o
14、f biomass-to-liquid fuels is energy intensive. There is insufficient biomass to meet U.S. liquid fuel demands and provide the energy required to process the biomass-to-liquid fuels. With the use of nuclear energy to provide heat, electricity, and hydrogen for the processing of biomass-to-liquid fuel
15、s, the liquid fuel production per unit of biomass is dramatically increased, and the available biomass could meet U.S. liquid fuel requirements.核电产氢和产生物质燃料系统开发，解决交通用油的瓶颈问题HEEP: A new tool for the economic evaluation of hydrogen economy 氢产品经济学的新评估与衡量工具Under agreement and in collaboration with the Ind
16、ian BHABHA Atomic Research Centre (BARC), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has just released the newly developed Hydrogen Economic Evaluation Programme (HEEP) software, which can be used to perform economic analysis related to large scale hydrogen production. The software could be used to analyse economics of the most promising processes for hydrogen production. These processes are: high and low-temperature electrolysis, thermo-chemical processes including SulphurIodine (S
