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1、西北师范大学硕士学位论文甘肃省女子垒球不同梯队投手投球技术动作的运动学分析及发 展对策研究姓名：邵滨申请学位级别：硕士专业：运动人体科学指导教师：段海俊2008-05I 摘摘 要要 甘肃省女子垒球各组别球队曾经在全国比赛中多次取得好成绩。专业组、体校组球队曾多年排名全国前列，初中组、小学组球队更是多年位列三甲。但从 90 年代后期，各级梯队的成绩都严重下滑。专业组梯队近几年位处全国参赛队倒数；体校组梯队的成绩徘徊不前。 初中组与小学组梯队依靠训练时间的增加成绩有所回升。 一支垒球队的成绩受到许多因素的影响， 其中最主要的是受到投手水平的影响。各级梯队成绩的变化都与该梯队中投手的水平直接相关。垒
2、球出手速度（V1）是反映投手水平最主要的指标之一，也常用于直接评价投手的技术水平。投手只有应用正确合理的技术动作才能不断提高 V1。本文以甘肃省四个组别成绩最好或具有代表性的球队中的一号、二号投手为研究对象，采用高速摄像机对这四级梯队投手的投球动作进行了三位定点拍摄，应用美国 The Ariel Performance Analysis System 2003 运动生物力学解析系统对投手投球的运动图像进行解析。选取与垒球投球技术或球速密切相关的一些数据指标进行了运动学分析，得出以下一些结论和建议，希望这些结论和建议可以对甘肃省女子垒球不同梯队投手的训练提供有意义的参考。通过各级梯队投手的比较，
3、结合调查以及与有关专家、教练员的访谈，对甘肃省不同梯队垒球投手的梯队发展提出了相应对策， 为梯队间投手的衔接与梯队中投手的协调发展提供参考和帮助。 1. 甘肃省专业组与体校组投手的各项下肢技术，掌握比较规范，有助于 V1的提高。初中组与小学组投手的下肢技术问题较多，主要有后蹬角偏大，大腿高抬不足，送髋不充分，伸踏腿前蹬角偏大等，影响出手速度。如果对具体的技术逐一加以改善，可以增大初中组与小学组投手的伸踏距离，进一步提高出手速度。 2. 甘肃省专业组投手的转髋技术掌握比较好，可以有效传递下肢动量，增大投球臂摆动幅度，延长投球手的加速距离。这些都有利于 V1的增大。其他组别都存在程度不同的髋、肩技
4、术问题，直接影响出手速度。可以在改善下肢技术的同时改进髋部技术，并适当发展腰背肌肉力量，帮助髋、躯干技术的完善。 3. 在投球臂技术上， 甘肃省四级梯队投手都是在投球臂没有伸直的状态下完成投球动作的，影响出手速度，其中体校组投手与小学组投手的问题最为突出。这主要是由投手肩关节灵活性比较差造成的。训练中增加柔韧性练习的时间，增添适合提高肩关节灵活性的内容，可以改变这一局面。 4. 在出手技术的抖腕技术上，除专业组投手外，其他各组投手抖腕都没有做到充分地前摆，从而不能很好得利用腕、指技术增加球速。力量训练中，针对性不强，忽视末端环节的小肌群力量训练，是出现这一技术问题的主要原因。增加投手II 末端
5、环节的小肌群力量练习可以改善这一技术。 5. 在专项力量素质方面，除小学组外，其他组别投手力量训练系统，负荷安排合理，强度控制严格，可以有效提高大肌群的力量和爆发力。但各梯队投手都存在肌肉力量训练针对性不强的问题。调整力量训练的侧重点，安排适合投手不同环节肌肉力量发展需要的练习，可以为改善投手技术奠定良好基础。 6. 投手的柔韧性素质影响投手完成动作时的动作幅度， 各组别投手在训练中柔韧性练习的时间短，已影响到投手的投球臂技术。提高教练员对发展投手专项柔韧素质的认识，安排科学合理的柔韧性练习内容，可以提高投手投球技术动作的掌握水平并有效增大动作幅度。特别是肩关节灵活性的提高要引起足够重视。 7
6、. 甘肃省四级梯队投手的 V1与国内相应组别一流投手的 V1都存在一定的差距，各级梯队投手的垒球出手速度都有待于进一步提高。通过本研究的分析发现，差距产生的主要原因是投手在一些技术环节上存在不足，另外，投手的一些专项运动素质也会影响到投手的技术动作，使一些技术不能做到位。针对具体的问题进行技术动作或运动素质的改善与提高， 可以使甘肃省各级梯队投手的垒球出手速度得到不断的提高，从而帮助各组别投手迈入一流投手的行列。 关键词：女子垒球；投手；绕环式投球；投球臂；投球手；梯队；速度 III Abstract Gansu Province women softball team had all con
7、stituencies in the country several times in the game achieve good results. Professional groups, Group Sports School team had ranked the forefront of the country for many years, Junior Secondary, Primary Group is the team for many years the top three. But from the late 1990s, the team results at all
8、levels have serious decline. Echelon of professional groups in recent years is located in the countdown to the participating teams; Sports School group echelon of the results. Junior Secondary and primary echelon rely on the training time of the increase results have rebounded. Echelon at all levels
9、 through the comparative study, we find that the difference between the echelon, so as to the formation of convergence with the formation of the coordination of the development of information and help. A softball teams achievements by many factors, foremost among which is subject to the level of pit
10、cher. Echelon achievements at all levels with the changes in the echelon of pitchers in the level of direct relevance. Softball and hand speed (V1) is the pitcher the most important indicator of the level, but also commonly used in the direct evaluation of the technical level pitcher. Pitcher correc
11、t application of the technique are reasonable in order to improve the V1. Based on results of Gansu Province in four groups or representative of the best teams in the No. 1, on the 2nd pitcher for the study, using high-speed cameras on the four-tier pitcher pitching a three fixed-point shooting, app
12、lication United States The Ariel Performance Analysis System 2003 biomechanics analysis system to the pitcher throws the movement image analysis. Select technology and softball pitching or ball closely related to some indicators of the kinematic data analysis, the following conclusions and recommend
13、ations, the hope that these data and analysis of Gansu Province different echelon of womens softball pitcher of training to provide meaningful information, and With surveys, as well as with relevant experts, coaches interviews with the Gansu Provincial softball pitcher echelon development of the cor
14、responding countermeasures, the relevant departments for reference. 1.Gansu Province professional group and the Sports School pitcher of the lower limbs group, have relatively standardized, contribute to the improvement of V1. Junior Secondary and primary school pitcher of the lower limbs more techn
15、ical issues, mainly after the tread angle too large, the lack of elevation thigh, hip does not send the full, extended leg before riding tread angle too large, hand speed impact. If each of the specific technical improvements, can increase junior high school group and the primary pitcher from the st
16、retch step to further improve the speed shots. 2.Gansu Province professional group of pitchers to better grasp the hip technology, can effectively transfer the momentum lower extremities, the rate of increase pitching arm swing, pitching hand to extend the acceleration distance. These are conducive to the increase of V1. There are other groups of different degrees of hip, shoulder technical problems directly affect the speed of shots. Technology
