《托福阅读过关三招之阅读童子功：逻辑关系把握》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《托福阅读过关三招之阅读童子功：逻辑关系把握（5页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、 托福阅读的成败很大程度上取决于考生对词汇和句子之间逻辑关系的把握。关于托福词汇的学习策略在本书前面已经有详细论述，所以这里只讨论句子之间逻辑关系的把握。由于句子简化题、句子插入题、推理题等几乎所有托福阅读题型都与句子之间逻辑关系有密切联系，在讨论各种题型时都会详细阐述句子之间逻辑关系及其把握策略，因此这里只概要地罗列托福阅读中涉及的主要逻辑关系以及它们与解题的关系。托福阅读主要涉及五大逻辑关系：因果关系、对比转折关系、比较关系、否定关系与并列递进关系。不同的逻辑关系以不同的词汇表达，这些词汇既包含关联词，像 while, but(表示对比转折关系)等，也包含一些实词，如 lead to (表
2、示因果关系)。表示上述五大逻辑关系的常见词汇如下：一)因果关系1. 显性因果：因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with(由于，随着)果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly2. 隐性因果：a. 导致(因果)：cause, reason(推断), lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, suppor
3、t, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible forb. 由而来(果因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable toc. 反映/体现(果因)：reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, showd. 考虑到，依赖于(果因)：given, considering, concerning, in view
4、of, thanks to; rely on, depend on, resort to, according toe. 条件关系：when, once, as soon as, as long asf. 被动语态(by 之后为原因)g. 分词短语、不定式、独立主格做状语二)对比转折关系1. 对比：while, whereas; on the other hand, conversely, on the contrary, in contrast; unlike, different from; differ; before, prior to, after2. 转折：but, althoug
5、h, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, however三)比较关系1. 比较级：as as, more than, -er than, less than2. 最高级a. 本身有最高级含义：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, topb. 本身程度比较深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively highc. 否定+比较=最高级3.a. 变化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase,
6、 decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remainb. 差异：different, distinct, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare toc. 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over四) 否定关系1. 显性否定：no, not, never, nor, none, neither2. 隐性否定：fail to, refuse, r
7、emove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of3. 否定前缀：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non-, un-4. 双重否定：not fail to, not illegal=legal, not uncommon=common五) 并列递进关系and, furthermore, moreover, in addition, beyond that, as well as下面以对比转折关系为例说明如何根据逻辑关系破解阅读问题。例一(词汇题)Paragraph 3: At times, it is actually possible
8、 to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a paras
9、ite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years.
10、Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus
11、, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship. (TPO 17)The word devastated in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)influenced(B)infected(C)strengthened(D)destroyed被考词汇 devastated 所在句子的下一个句子中有 however 表示对比转折关系： The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, howeve
12、r, and it caused less and less harm over the years，说明devastated 与 less deadly 的意思相反，而 less 表示否定，那么 devastated 的意思相当于 deadly(致命的)，与此意思接近的为第四个选项 ：“破坏”，因此它是正确选项。例二(事实信息题)Paragraph 6: With the advent of projection, the viewers relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlie
13、r peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public-an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and e
14、ven hundreds of others. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 6 as one of the ways the Mutoscope differed from
15、the Kinetoscope?(A)Sound and motion were simultaneously produced in the Mutoscope.(B)More than one person could view the images at the same time with the Mutoscope.(C)The Mutoscope was a less sophisticated earlier prototype of the Kinetoscope.(D)A different type of material was used to produce the i
16、mages used in the Mutocope.这是一道事实信息题，根据问题中的关键词 Mutoscope 和 Kinetoscope 定位到段落首句，问题中的differed from 要求我们在文中寻找对比关系。首句中的 which 引导的非限定性定语从句补充说明Mutoscope 和 Kinetoscope 的相同点和不同点，其中 instead of 提示二者之间的区别，即对比关系：on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid(在卡片上而不是电影胶片上)。由此可见Mutoscope 和 Kinetoscope 成像的材料不同。选项 4 符合此意，为正确答案。例三(推理题：直接对比)Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gil
