《专八考试语言学精析》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《专八考试语言学精析（15页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、英语语言学概论重、难点提示 第一章 语言的性质 语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性） ； 语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为） ； 语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。 第二章 语言学 语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观） ；语言学的基本概念（口 语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为） ；普通 语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义） ；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语 言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计
2、算语言学） 等。 第三章 语音学 发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听 觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。 第四章 音位学 音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位 学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。 第五章 词法学 词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生） ；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词 素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。 第六章 词汇学 词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。 第七章 句法 句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分
3、；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范 畴（性，数，格） ；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。 第八章 语义学 语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用） ；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义 关系（同义、反义、下义） ；句子语义关系。 第九章 语言变化 语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化） ； 第十章 语言、思维与文化 语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文 化的异同。 第十一章 语用学 语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行 为和言后行为） ；合作原则。（主讲教师 张祖春）
4、Questions at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhanglin et al. (p.6) , language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is importa
5、nt for the workings of language. A small number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences (note that we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!). Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about a
6、nything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honour. 1.5.What is productivity? Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in ones native language, including those
7、 that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. No one has ever said or heard “A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the small hotel bed with an African gibbon”, but he can say it when necessary, and he can understand it in right register. Different from artistic creati
8、vity, though, productivity never goes outside the language, thus also called “rule-bound creativity” (by N.Chomsky). 1.6.What is displacement? “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he
9、does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. When a man, for example, is crying to a woman, about something, it might be something that had occurred, or something that is occu
10、rring, or something that is to occur. When a dog is barking, however, you can decide it is barking for something or at someone that exists now and there. It couldnt be bow-wowing sorrowfully for dome lost love or a bone to be lost. The bees system, nonetheless, has a small share of “displacement”, b
11、ut it is an unspeakable tiny share. 1.7.What is cultural transmission? This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings
12、(N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a genetic basis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one other than a genetic one like the dogs barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The Wolf Child reare
13、d by the pack of wolves turned out to speak the wolfs roaring “tongue” when he was saved. He learned thereafter, with no small difficulty, the ABC of a certain human language. 1.8.What is interchangeability? (1) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of m
14、essages. We can say, and on other occasions can receive and understand, for example, “Please do something to make me happy.” Though some people (including me) suggest that there is sex differentiation in the actual language use, in other words, men and women may say different things, yet in principl
15、e there is no sound, or word or sentence that a man can utter and a woman cannot, or vice versa. On the other hand, a person can be the speaker while the other person is the listener and as the turn moves on to the listener, he can be the speaker and the first speaker is to listen. It is turn-taking
16、 that makes social communication possible and acceptable.(2) Some male birds, however, utter some calls which females do not (or cannot?) , and certain kinds of fish have similar haps mentionable. When a dog barks, all the neighbouring dogs bark. Then people around can hardly tell which dog (dogs) is (are0 “speaking” and which listening. 1.9.Why do linguists say language is human specific? First of all, human language has six “desi
