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1、甘肃教育学院学报(社会科学版)Journal of Gansu Education College(Social Sciences) 第17卷 专辑,2001Vol. 17Special Issue ,2001话语中表示各种逻辑关系的副词王 伯 浩(兰州商学院 商英系,甘肃 兰州 730000)话话中的副词除了在句中呈现不同的语义外,有时还具有表示前后文、 上下句及情景与事件之间各种逻辑关系的功能。这种逻辑关系是相对于表层语法关系而言的,其功能主要是由言语者列举一连串事件式情景,通过使用相关副词使上下文、 前后句之间建立起一种逻辑关系,以达到言语者的语用目的。这类副词在英语里不少,所表示的关系
2、也较多样,为论述方便起见,对这些副词汇按类型分述如下:1.用来表示因果关系的副词(1) His creative power is no longer har2nessed toanygroupconsciousness. He isthereforeconsequentlyaccordinglythusfree to explore his own privatereactions to the world in which he lives.例(1)中通过使用therefore等副词,使两句话之间建立起因果关系(cause and con2sequence) ,前句表示原因,后句表示结果,
3、话语显得层次分明,逻辑清楚,从而达到言语者表示因果的语用目的。2.用来表示上下文之间相互补充的副词(2) Harry ,firstly , is not an engineer. Sec2ondly , he is too old.言语者在两句话中分别使用firstly和secondly两个表示序列的副词,使两句话不仅在句法上建立起相互依存的关系,而且在逻辑上前后句互为补充,使意思更加完整,以更充分地说明Harry不能胜任某项工作的理由,从而使言语者的语用目的明确表达出来。象这种使情景相连,并建立起相互补充关系的副词还有moreover , indeed等,如:(3) What she cal
4、led“loose debts”had al2ready amounted , not to one , but to over threethousand poundshis mother had ,moreover ,inherited from his father an obligation , in herown name , to Brights heirs.(4) The people of the United Statesbe2cause , for example , the ardent partisans ofthe Greeks in the eighteen twe
5、nties; Monroe ,indeed , had wished to recognize the Greekstate at the time of the debates on his greatmessage.3.表示上下文之间等效(equivalent)和相似(similar)关系的副词(5) While a large hillside facing south isan antsparadise , an area of a few square feetor yards on a different slope may equally befavourable.(6) The
6、 incumbent ,if he is running forre2election , obviously has his record as hisprincipal asset or liability . Hisopponent corre2spondingly is faced with the dilemma of criti2cizing his record or supporting the purpose andcriticizing their execution.57副词equally和correspondingly表示上下文之间的等效关系,而副词similarly和
7、likewise则往往用来与前句比较,表示两种情景的相同或相似之处:(7) It need not , of course , occasion sur2prise that a bird should mistake its reflectedimage for a rival. A bird maylikewisesimilarly4.用来表示上下文或情景之间先后层次即时间关系(temporal relationship)的副词有些副词如again ,不仅可用来表示上下文之间互为补充的关系,同时,也可表示情景间的先后层次关系。(8) When a magnet was put into t
8、he coilthe galvanometer needle moved and as themagnet was removed the needle again moved ,but in the opposite direction.这种时间关系,在叙述相似事件或情景反复发生和出现时,尤为明显。如:(9) In his first novel , Roderick Random(1748) ,he portrays the life of his rogue2herountil his marriage with the loyal , beautiful ,andincredibleN
9、arcissa.PeregrinePickly(1751) is , again , the novel of a rogue whofollows a depraved life until he marries the vir2tuous Emilia.(10) He found the station yard throngedwith lorries and guns , with a few light tanks.Thestation ,again ,wasthrongedwithtroops.5.当对两种不同但又相类似的事件或情景同时论及并指出两者之间的相同之处时,往往用also
10、或too这两个副词,在上下文之间建立起纯属补充的逻辑关系(11) One of the most useful applicationsof the electric motor for domestic purposes isits use forrefrigerators.Kitchenclocks ,alsotoo, can be worked by an electric motor.同also和too一样,副词even也可用来对前文进行补充,但言语者还有使听话者感到意外或惊奇的语用目的。(12) If you like to put it that way ,Christoffers
11、 something for nothing; He even offerseverything for nothing.6.用来表示话说间承前启后过渡关系的副词(13) Its clear to me hes got quite hisshare of nerve but this would take more ;it would take tiptop acting. How much of anactor would you , now , take him to be ?该句中副词now语义为 “now that weare speaking about acting” 。7.用来表
12、示上下文之间评注与例举关系的副词(14) This machine has a 3. 6KW moter.Using it for a quarter of an hour thus requires400 watts.句中副thus在语义上表示结果,但在逻辑上后句与前句间是评注与例举关系。8.用来对话说中某一情景加以限定,而排除其它相关情景的副词(15) Eric has only worked in his fathersbusiness. He has not worked anywhere else.(He has not been employed by me. )句中使用only以
13、对in his fathers busi2ness加以限定,其语用目的是排除every oth2er place ,其意不言自明。而后句中对相关情景He has not been employed by me加以排除,才能达到使用only限定情景的语用目的。其它一些副词如just , merely , exclusive2ly , solely等,都同only一样,可用来限定情景,达到相同的语用目的(16) He is just (exactly ,precisely) the67type of man I want. (I want no other type ofman. )(17) Yo
14、u personally must fetch it. ( Youcant send anyone else. )9.用来对句中部分情景限定(partial re2striction)的副词(18) People moved to the cities. This wasespeciallyparticularlythe ease in England. ( It alsohappened in other countries , though not tothe same extent. )(19) Their food predominantly (mostly ,primarily ,
15、mainly , chiefly , largely , partly)consists of meat. ( To some extent , however ,they also eat other things. )(20) Reality is usually something youcould not have guessed. (Sometimes , howev2er , you could have guessed it. )10.用来表示两句间目的和方式关系的副词(21) He wanted to buy a new car.Hetherefore sold his old
16、 one to me.11.用来建立以前句为前提(premise)、后句为推论(inference)关系的副词(22) A :He said it would be dangerous totell you.B :What he says ,with you ,then ,cuts a good deal of ice ?若前句以条件句为前提,副词then用来表示推论的语义更强,上下文间的逻辑关系则更加紧密:(23) If you have three dimensions , youcan then build what we call a solid body.若前提句命题明确肯定,在推论句中则用otherwise建立起两句间的逻辑关系:(24) We must conscientiously study Ma2rxizm2Leninizm , otherwise well lose ourbearings.(25) This relieves the designer of much ofthe need for the ingenuity
