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1、1直接引语和间接引语（Direct Speech and indirect Speech)直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语一般前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号。例如：Mr Black said, “Im busy” 布莱克先生说：“我很忙”（直接引语）Mr Black said that he was busy. 布莱克先生说他很忙。（间接引语）John said, Im going to London with my father.约翰说：我要和父亲到伦敦去。（引号内是直接引语）John said that he w
2、as going to London with his father. 约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）1 陈述句 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词 that 引导（that 在口语中或不引起歧义时常省略），从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应变化。在这一方面，汉语和英语有许多相似之处，因此，在做直接引语和间接引语转换练习时，要特别注意句子的意义。不能省略 that 的情况1.1）会产生歧义（Linda said disappointedly that when she arrived at the station, the train ha
3、d already left.琳达很失望地说，她到达车站时火车已经开走了。（如不用that，when 状语从句既可以理解为修饰 said, 又可以理解为修饰 had left）1.2）当引述动词后面不止跟一个 that 引导的从句时，第二个 that 不能省略。He said (that) he was leaving for Europe the next week and that he would stay there for half a year. 他说他下周要到欧洲去并在那里呆半年。（第二个 that 不能省略）直接引语变间接引语有着时态，人称，时间状语，地点状语的变化。间接引语为
4、 that 引导的宾语从句（口语中 that 可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有 say ,tell, repeat, explain, think 等。He said , You are younger than I.-He said (that ) I was younger than him.从句的谓语动词可用直接引语中的 said, 也可用 told 来代替，注意，可以说 said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说 told that, 如：He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” He sa
5、id to us that he had been to the Great Wall.He said, “Ill give you an examination next Monday.”He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.（不可说 told that）此外主句中的谓语还常有：repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think 等，又如：He said，“Im late because of the heavy traff
6、ic.” He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic.如果间接引语是由 that 引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.1）人称的变化顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”
7、。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化,如： She said. My brother wants to go with me. She said her brother wanted to go with her. “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如： 2He said to Kate. How is your sister now?He asked Kate how
8、her sister was then。 “第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如： Mr Smith said。 Jack is a good worker。Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。 变时态： a) He said, “I like it very much.”他说：“我非常喜欢它。”He said that he liked it very much.他说他非常喜欢它。b) He saidto me, “Ive left my book in your roo
9、m.” 他对我说：“我把书放在你的房间里了。”He told me that he had left his book in my room.他告诉我他把书放在我的房间里了。She asked Jack，Where have you been?She asked Jack where he had beenShe said, I am very happy to help you.She said that she was very happy to help you.a）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：He said，“I am very sorry.” He said tha
10、t he was very sorry.b）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如：“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.c）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如：She said to her son, “Ill check your homework tonight.” She said to her son that she wo
11、uld check his homework that night.d）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?”He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。2）时态的变化 如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时
12、或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化(现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。)：直接引语 间接引语一般现在时 一般过去时一般将来时 过去将来时一般过去时 过去完成时现在进行时 过去进行时现在完成时 过去完成时过去进行时 过去进行时或过去完成进行时过去完成时 过去完成时现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时将来进行时 过去将来进行时例句 直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时He said, “Im afraid I cant finish this work.”He sai
13、d that he was afraid he couldnt finish that work.现在进行时过去进行时He said, “Im using theknife.”He said that he was using the knife.3现在完成时过去完成时She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”She said that she had not heard from him since May.一般过去时过去完成He said, “I came to help you.”He said that he had come to
14、 help me.过去完成时不变He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”He said that he had finished his homework before supper.3)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化：指示代词的变化a) thisthat 这个那个She said, “Iwill come this morning. She said that she would go that morning.b) thesethose 这些那些He said, These books are mine.He sai
15、d that those books were his.时间状语的变化a) nowthen 现在那时He said, It is nine 0clock now.He said that it was nine 0clock then.b) todaythat day 今天那天He said, I havent seen her today.He said that he hadnt seen her that day.c) yesterdaythe day before 昨天前一天she said, I went there yesterday.She said that she had g
16、one there the day before.d) tomorrowthe next(following) day 明天第二天she said, Ill go there tomorrow.She said that she would go there the next (following) day.地点状语的变化herethere 这里那里 comego 来去 bringtakeHe asked me，“How can I get here?He asked me how he could get there.注：直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候.如：He always says, “I am tired out.”
