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1、物化词汇部分： Chemical thermodynamics 化学热力学 Chemical kinetics 化学动力学 物理化学的分支物理化学的分支：quantum chemistry 量子化学；structure chemistry 结构化学；catalysis 催 化；electrochemistry 电化学；colloid chemistry 胶体化学。热力学体系热力学体系： closed system 封闭体系：a system that does not allow transfer of substance but energy isolated system 孤立体系：a s
2、ystem that does not allow transfer of substance and energy open system 开放体系：a system that allow transfer of substance and energyInternal energy 内能：内能： motions 分子运动；interaction 相互作用；bonding of its constituent molecules 分子成键 （ionic bond 离子键, covalent bond 共价键, coordinationbond 配位键, hydrogen bond 氢键, m
3、etallic bond.金属键）external energy 外能：外能：（velocity 速度；location of its center of mass 位置）= kinetic 动力+potential energy 势能 Thermal energy (internal energy + heat) Mechanical energy (external energy + mechanical /electrical work)Heat: energy transfer as a results of only temperature difference Work: ener
4、gy transfer by any mechanism that involves mechanical motion across thesystem boundaries.Microscopic properties: molecule kinetic energy 分子动能 (translational energy 跃迁能, rotational energy 转动能, vibrational energy 振动能) Intermolecular forces 分子间力 (electrostatic forces 静电力, induction forces 感应能, forces o
5、f attraction (or dispersion forces)分 散能 and repulsion 排斥能, specific (chemical) forces like hydrogen bonds) Intermolecular potentials 分子势 (Lennard-Jones potential)Macroscopic properties: pressure, volume, temperature extensive variables 广度性质 (volume, mass) intensive variables 强度性质(T, P, molar volume,
6、 molar mass)Thermodynamic Equilibriums 热力学平衡: thermal equilibrium,热平衡 force equilibrium,力平衡 phase equilibrium,相平衡 chemical equilibrium 化学平衡 PVT relationscompressibility factor 压缩因子 expansion coefficient 体积膨胀系数 compressibility coefficient 等温压缩系数热力学定律热力学定律 The first law of thermodynamics *Energyis nei
7、thercreatednordestroyed,but may change in forms enthalpy 焓 heat capacity 热容 isochoric 等容 isobaric 等压 reversible 可逆, irreversible 不可逆 isothermal 等温, adiabatic 绝热(diabatic), cyclic 循环, free expansion 自由膨胀 throttling 节流(isenthalpy 等焓, Joule-Thomson coefficient) The second law of thermodynamics Clausius
8、 statement: It is not possible to construct adevice that operates in a cycle and whose sole effect is to transfer heat from a colder body to a hotter body. The efficiency of the Carnot heat engine is defined to be: (QH-QC)/QH=W/QH=1-TC/TH endothermic 吸热 exothermic 放热 entropy 熵, isentropic process 等熵
9、过程 spontaneous system 自发系统, entropy balance 熵平衡热化学： Heat of reaction 反应热, isothermal、isobaric、only volumetric work，the reactionheat change heat of combustion 燃烧热, 25，100kPa the heat change of 1 mol pure substance fully combustion heat of formation 生成热 fixed temperature and pressure，the heat change o
10、f 1 mol pure substance produced by the most stable elementGibbs free energy: G=H-TS Helmholtz free energy: F=U-TS 相平衡：相平衡： vapor pressure 蒸汽压 the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibriumwith its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system. boiling poi
11、nt 沸点 the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals thepressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor. melting point 熔点 the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure solidifying point 凝固点 the temperature at which it cha
12、nges state from liquid to soild at atmospheric pressurePartial molar quantity 偏摩尔量 A partial molar property is a thermodynamic quantity which indicates how an extensive property of a solution or mixture varies with changes in the molarcomposition of the mixture at constant temperature and pressure.
13、Chemical potential 化学势, is a form of potential energy that can be absorbed or released during a chemical reaction or phase transition. activity 活度 activity (symbol a) is a measure of the “effective concentration” of a species in a mixture, in the sense that the specieschemical potential depends on t
14、he activity of a real solution in the same way that it would depend on concentration for an ideal solution. fugacity 逸度, the fugacity of a real gas is an effective partial pressure which replaces the mechanical partial pressure in an accurate computation of the chemical equilibrium constant. activit
15、y coefficient 活度系数, fugacity coefficient 逸度系数the degree of freedom 自由度 f=C-+2the number of degrees of freedom is the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to varyPhase diagram 相图: single-phase/binary/ternary x-y diagram, p-x-y diagram, t-x-y diagram fully /partly mis
16、cible solution 可混溶的溶液,immiscible solution 不可混容的溶液 minimum/maximum azeotrope 共沸（正偏差，最低共沸点；负偏差，最高共沸点）, dew point 露点 the temperature at which airborne water vapor will condense to form liquid dew., bubble point 泡点, the temperature (at a given pressure) where the first bubble of vapor is formed when heating a liquid consisting of two or more components. eutectic point 共熔点 the point at which the liquid phase L borders directly on the solid phase + (a homogeneou
