《英语语言学名词》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语语言学名词（14页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、现代语言学现代语言学一一 绪论绪论 1 Linguisitics: 语言学语言学 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: 语音学语音学 The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants 元音、辅音、声调、重音以及节奏、音变3 Phonology: 音韵学音韵学 The study of
2、 how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. For example, phone, phoneme, and allophone. 4 Morphology: 形态学形态学 The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. For example, boy and “ish”-boyish, teach-teacher. 5 Syntax: 句法学句法学 The
3、 study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. For example, ”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: 语义学语义学 The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example: “The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried. The seal could not be found, Th
4、e king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 同义词、反义词，同音词7 Pragmatics: 语用学语用学 The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 在特定情景中的特定话语，研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。8 Sociolinguistics: 社会语言社会语言 The study of language wit
5、h reference to society is called sociolinguistics. For example: regional dialects, social variation in language. 方言，9 Psycholinguistics: 语言心理语言心理 The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二二 音系学音系学 1 Phonetics: 语音学语音学 The study of sounds that are used in l
6、inguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: 音韵音韵 The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: 语音语音 Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not ne
7、cessarily distinguish meaning; some do, some dont. 4 Phoneme: 音素；音位音素；音位 Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 Allophone: 音位变体音位变体 The different phones which can represent a
8、 phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: 互补分布互补分布，语言学专业名词。当两个语言成分（辅音、元音、词，语言学专业名词。当两个语言成分（辅音、元音、词素等）不能在同一个环境中出现，即可形成语言互补分布。素等）不能在同一个环境中出现，即可形成语言互补分布。These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary dis
9、tribution. 7 Minimal pair: 最小对最小对，在一种语言中，在某一方面差异最小的一组成分，在一种语言中，在某一方面差异最小的一组成分When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 8 Stress: 重读重读 When a certain syllable of a word
10、is stressed, it means that the syllable is pronounced with great force than the other or others. 9 tones: 声调声调 Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a supr
11、asegemental feature. 10 Intonation: 语调语调 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English
12、三三 形态学形态学 1 morphology: 形态学形态学 Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology:曲折形态学曲折形态学 Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation. 3 derivational morphology: 派生形态学派生形态学 Deriva
13、tional morphology is the study of word-formation. 4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language. 5 free morpheme: 自由语素自由语素 Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes. 6 boun
14、d morpheme: 黏着词素黏着词素 Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it mus
15、t be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. 8 affix: 词缀词缀 Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. 9 prefix: 前缀前缀 Prefix occur at the beginning of a word. 10 suffix: 后缀后缀 Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in m
16、any cases change its part of speech. 11 derivation: 派生派生 Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words. 12 compounding: 复合词复合词 Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. 四四 句法学句法学 1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as th
