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1、1高中英语被动语态总结高中英语被动语态总结一、需要使用被动语态的情况一、需要使用被动语态的情况在以下情况常需要使用被动语态: 1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。My bike was stolen last night. 2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 3. 为了更好地安排句子。The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recogniz
2、ed by people. (一个主语就够了)二、被动语态的构成形式二、被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由 be过去分词构成,be 随时态的变化而变化。以 do 为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为: 1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时 2) has /have been done 现在完成时 3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时 4) was/were done 一般过去时 5) had been done 过去完成时 6) was/were being done 过
3、去进行时 7) shall/will be done 一般将来时 8) should/would be done 过去将来时 9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时(少用) 10) should/would have been done 过去将来完成时(少用)2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式被动语态的特殊结构形式 1) 带情态动词的被动结构:情态动词be过去分词。The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾 语变为主语,另一宾
4、语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday. 3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的 主语,其余不动。Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. 4) 在使役动词 have, make, get 以及感官动词 se
5、e, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式 to 要省略,但变为被动结构 时,要加 to。Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to 2walk into the building. 5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词介词”, “动词副词”等,也可以 用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不 能省略。The meeting is to be put off till Frida
6、y.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态的构成非谓语动词的被动语态的构成 1). 不定式一般式的被动语态。由“to be+过去分词”构成。如: She asked to be given some work to do. 她要求给她一些工作做。He was the last person to be asked to speak. 他是最后被邀请发言的人。 2). 不定式完成式的被动语态。由“to have been+过去分词”构成。如:I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我 的。 3). 现在分词一般式的被动语
7、态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如:I saw him being taken away. 我看见有人把他带走了。Being protected by a wall, he felt quite safe. 有墙作保护,他感到很安全。 4). 现在分词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如:Having been invited to spea, Ill start making preparations tomorrow. 因为邀请我去讲话,我明天就得做准备。The subject having been opened,he had to go on with
8、it. 话题已经开始了,他不得不谈下去。 5). 动名词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如:He hates being made a fool of. 他讨厌被别人愚弄。This question is far from being settled. 这个问题远没解决。 6). 动名词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如:Jennys not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。After having been instructed to
9、 drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence. 在接到把车开出城的指令后,我开始信心十足了。注:过去分词没有被动式,因为它本身可以表示被动意义。如:The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着三、三、It is said that+从句及其他类似句型从句及其他类似句型一些表示“认为”或“相信”等的动词如 believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think 等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词过去分词that 从从句”或“主语主语 be过去分词过去分词to do sth.
10、” 。It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道,It is believed that大家相 信,It is hoped that大家希望,It is well known that众所周知,It is thought that大家认为,It is suggested that据建议。 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. (The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ).四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义四、谓语动词的主动形式
11、表示被动意义31.英语中有很多动词如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash 等,当它们 被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通 常是物。This kind of cloth washes well. 注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成 的影响。试比较:The door wont lock (指门本身有毛病)The door wont be locked (指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因)2. 表示“发生、进行” 的不及物动词和短语,如:happe
12、n, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等以主动形式 表示被动意义。How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何印出来的呢? 3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词 feel, sound, taste, book, feel 等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。Your reason sounds reasonable.五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在
13、某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。 1. 在 need,want,require, bear 等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义, 其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing(to be repaired) 这房子需要修理。 2. 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式; 而 worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。The picture-book is well worth reading(The picture-book is very worthy to be read) 3. 动词不
14、定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中 另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do 与 things 是动宾关系,与 I 是主谓关系。)试比较:Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用 不定式的被动语态作定语表明 you 不是 post 动作的执行者。) 4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语 又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用
15、不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这 些形容词有 nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting 等。This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作 to work out 省略了 for me). 5. 在 too to结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被 动意义。This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 6. 在 there be句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作
16、4定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。There is no time to lose(to be lost) (用 to lose 可看成 for us to lose;用 to be lost,谁 lost time 不明确。 ) 7. 在 be to do 结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由 于古英语的影响,下列动词 rent,blame,let 等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。Who is to blame for starting the fire?六、介词六、介词 in, on, under 等等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该 名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。 1. “under +名词”结构,表示“某事在进行中”如: under control(受控制), under treatment(在治疗中),